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Secondary and Middle School Teaching Methods

by: Clark, Leonard H.; Starr, Irvin S.

Secondary and Middle School Teaching Methods

by: Clark, Leonard H.; Starr, Irvin S.

ISBN 13:
9780023228711
ISBN 10:
0023228717
Edition: 7th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/11/1995
Publisher: Pearson

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Summary

The seventh edition of this comprehensive secondary and middle school methods book continues to focus on planning, implementing, and evaluating but has been updated to include the latest research and developments in secondary and middle school eduation. Continues to emphasize principles and guidelines over "recipes."

Introduction to Teaching Methods

(18)

Overview

(1)

The Challenge

(6)

The Communications Problem

(1)

The Management Problem

(1)

Teaching as an Art Form

(1)

Reflective Teaching

(2)

Some Definitions

(1)

The Elements of Teaching Methods

(6)

Objectives

(1)

Subject Matter

(2)

Teaching Strategies and Tactics

(3)

A Pattern for Teaching

(5)

Diagnosing the Learning Situation

(1)

Preparing the Setting for Learning

(1)

Guiding the Learning Activities

(1)

Evaluating Students' Learning

(1)

Following Through

(1)

The Pattern's Fluidity

(1)

Summary

(1)

Additional Reading

(1)

Notes

(1)

Students and How They Learn

(24)

Overview

(1)

The Students

(6)

Adolescence

(4)

Some Problems of Adolescence

(2)

How Students Learn

(17)

Causes for Not Learning

(1)

Learning Styles

(1)

Learning How to Learn

(1)

Learning and the Brain

(2)

Verbalism versus Knowing

(1)

Building Understanding

(1)

Building Skills

(1)

Teaching Attitudes, Appreciations, and Ideals

(1)

Readiness

(1)

Transfer and Retention

(1)

Learning in Groups

(4)

Time on Task

(1)

Teaching Styles and Teacher Goals

(1)

Summary

(1)

Additional Reading

(1)

Notes

(3)

Motivation

(26)

Overview

(1)

The Nature of Motivation

(1)

The Complexity of Motivation

(1)

How to Motivate Students

(24)

Cultivating Self-Esteem

(1)

Providing a Favorable Climate

(2)

Making Learning Seem Worthwhile

(1)

Utilizing Present Motives

(5)

Getting Set

(1)

Assignments

(4)

Keeping Classes Lively

(1)

Providing Challenging, Not Discouraging, Work

(6)

Summary

(1)

Additional Reading

(1)

Notes

(3)

Classroom Management and Discipline

(30)

Overview

(1)

Some Definitions

(2)

Building the Classroom Climate

(2)

Reasonable Control

(1)

Teacher Personality and Classroom Atmosphere

(2)

Diffusely Structuring the Class

(1)

Organizing for Classroom Management

(4)

Planning

(1)

Arranging the Setting

(1)

Setting Up Routines

(1)

Establishing Rules

(2)

Managing the Class

(5)

Getting Off to a Good Start

(1)

Keeping the Class Moving

(1)

Some Specific Suggestions

(4)

Disciplinary Techniques

(7)

Preventive Discipline

(1)

Enforcing Rules

(5)

Dealing with Minor Disturbances

(1)

Sending Students to the Office

(1)

Dealing with Major Offenses

(1)

Helping Students with Problems

(1)

Direct Instruction

(1)

Student Rights

(1)

Building Self-Discipline

(7)

Summary

(3)

Additional Reading

(1)

Notes

(3)

Planning for Teaching

(30)

Overview

100

(1)

Diagnosis

100

(1)

Initial Diagnosis

101

(2)

Continuing Diagnosis

103

(1)

The Tools of Diagnosis

103

(1)

The Objectives

104

(12)

General and Specific Objectives

104

(1)

Overt and Covert Objectives

104

(1)

The Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domains

105

(5)

Setting Up the Objectives

110

(5)

Student Objectives

115

(1)

The Learning Activities

116

(3)

Selecting the Learning Activities

116

(3)

Implications

119

(1)

Team Planning

119

(1)

Teacher-Pupil Planning

120

(4)

Introducing Teacher-Pupil Planning to a Class

122

(1)

Discussion Techniques in Teacher-Pupil Planning

122

(2)

Resources for the Planner

124

(5)

Summary

124

(2)

Additional Reading

126

(1)

Notes

126

(3)

Course, Unit, and Lesson Planning

129

(42)

Overview

130

(1)

Course Planning

130

(2)

Textbook and Course Planning

131

(1)

Three Steps in Course Planning

131

(1)

The Course Calendar

131

(1)

Continuous-Progress Modulated Courses

131

(1)

Unit Planning

132

(12)

Planning an Ordinary Unit

132

(3)

Planning Laboratory Units

135

(7)

Learning Activity Packets

142

(1)

The Contract Plan

143

(1)

Lesson Planning

144

(10)

Preparing the Lesson Plan

145

(1)

The Lesson Plan Format

145

(7)

Using Plan Books

152

(1)

Following the Plan

152

(2)

Alternative Lesson Plan Formats

154

(3)

Format 1

154

(1)

Format 2

154

(1)

Format 3

154

(1)

Formats 4 and 5

155

(2)

Format 6

157

(1)

A Sample Learning Activity Packet

157

(14)

Instructions for Use of This Packet

157

(4)

Packet 1 Colonial America and the French and Indian War

161

(4)

Annex A

165

(1)

Annex B (Content Outline)

166

(1)

Summary

167

(2)

Additional Reading

169

(1)

Notes

169

(2)

Direct Expository Approaches

171

(28)

Overview

172

(1)

Student-Teacher Interaction

172

(1)

Direct Teaching

172

(1)

Teacher Talks and Lectures

173

(5)

Making It Clear

174

(1)

Making It Interesting

175

(1)

Not Too Much Too Fast

175

(1)

The Formal Lecture

176

(2)

Informal Teacher Talks

178

(1)

Demonstrations

178

(1)

Questions

179

(10)

Use of Questions

179

(1)

The Right Question

180

(1)

Four Basic Criteria

180

(2)

Techniques of Good Questioning

182

(6)

Handling Student Questions

188

(1)

Recitations

189

(1)

Open-Text Recitation

189

(1)

Practice and Review

190

(9)

The Value of Repetition

190

(1)

Practice and Drill

191

(3)

Individualizing Practice

194

(1)

Review

195

(1)

Summary

195

(2)

Additional Reading

197

(1)

Notes

197

(2)

Group and Discussion Methods

199

(32)

Overview

200

(1)

Discussion

200

(12)

Characteristics of a Good Discussion

200

(1)

Advantages of True Discussions

201

(1)

Conducting Discussions

202

(9)

Discussion and Thinking

211

(1)

Panels and Debates

212

(5)

When to Use Panels and Debates

213

(1)

Conducting Panels, Symposia, Round Tables, and Forums

214

(1)

Conducting Debate

215

(1)

Conducting British-Style Debate

216

(1)

The Jury Trial Technique

216

(1)

Speech

217

(1)

Oral Reading

218

(1)

Small Groups, Cooperative Learning Teams, and Committees

218

(13)

Launching Small-Group Work

219

(1)

Buzz Groups

219

(1)

The Fishbowl Technique

220

(1)

Student Teams

221

(1)

The Working Committee

221

(5)

Special-Interest Groups

226

(1)

Some Caveats

227

(1)

Summary

228

(1)

Additional Reading

228

(1)

Notes

229

(2)

Thinking and Inquiring

231

(30)

Overview

232

(1)

Teaching Thinking Skills

232

(5)

Students' Thinking Faults

233

(1)

Teaching Thinking Directly

233

(2)

Scaffolds

235

(2)

Inquiry Teaching

237

(9)

Inductive Lesson

238

(1)

The Socratic Method

239

(1)

Controlled or Guided Discussion

240

(1)

Springboard Techniques

240

(1)

The Problem-Solving Approach

241

(3)

The Case-Study Method

244

(1)

The Project

245

(1)

Teaching Controversial Issues

246

(3)

Selecting the Controversial Issue

247

(1)

Some Useful Strategies and Tactics

248

(1)

Role Playing and Simulation Games

249

(4)

Role Playing

249

(3)

Simulation Games

252

(1)

Studying the Community

253

(3)

Community Surveys

253

(2)

Community Service and Action Learning

255

(1)

Securing Administrative Approval

255

(1)

Writing

256

(5)

Summary

257

(1)

Additional Reading

258

(2)

Notes

260

(1)

Providing for Individual Differences

261

(22)

Overview

262

(1)

Administrative Provisions for Differences in Students

262

(1)

Matching Teaching Styles to Learning Styles

263

(1)

Differentiating Assignments

264

(3)

The Differentiated Assignment

264

(2)

Grouping Within the Classroom

266

(1)

Individualizing Instruction

267

(11)

Acceleration and Enrichment

267

(1)

Continuous Progress Plans

268

(1)

Mastery Learning

269

(1)

Completely Differentiating the Work

270

(1)

Conducting the Class as a Laboratory

271

(1)

Other Individualized Instruction Schemes

271

(6)

Finding Time for Individual Instruction

277

(1)

The Need for a Variety of Materials

278

(1)

Remedial Teaching

278

(5)

Summary

279

(1)

Additional Reading

280

(1)

Notes

281

(2)

Student Diversity

283

(28)

Overview

284

(1)

Teaching Gifted and Talented Learners

284

(6)

Definitions

284

(1)

Identifying Students Who Are Gifted and Talented

285

(1)

Teaching Students Who Are Gifted and Talented

286

(3)

Creative Students

289

(1)

Helping Gifted Underachievers

289

(1)

Managing Cultural Diversity

290

(9)

The Socioeconomically Disadvantaged

290

(5)

Multicultural Groups

295

(4)

Eliminating Sexual Bias

299

(1)

Teaching At-Risk Students

299

(2)

Teaching Students With Disabilities

301

(10)

Federal Law Pl 94-142

302

(1)

Learners With Mild Disabilities

303

(2)

Other Learners With Disabilities

305

(1)

Summary

306

(1)

Additional Reading

307

(2)

Notes

309

(2)

Reading and Studying

311

(38)

Overview

312

(1)

Vocabulary Building

312

(3)

Textbooks

315

(4)

Using Textbooks

315

(1)

Teaching Students to Use the Textbook

316

(1)

Matching Reading Levels

317

(2)

Reading and Studying

319

(2)

Teaching How to Study

320

(1)

Developing Comprehension Skills

321

(5)

Teaching Students to Read with Purpose

322

(1)

Locating the Main Idea and Supporting Details

322

(1)

Teaching Organizational Patterns

323

(1)

Teaching Students to Utilize What They Know

324

(1)

Adjusting Reading Speed

324

(1)

Teaching Students to Read Critically

325

(1)

Teaching Students to Study Independently

326

(5)

A General Study Plan for Readers Who Are At-Risk

326

(1)

Directed-Reading Lesson

327

(2)

Learning to Budget Time for Study

329

(1)

Multiple Resources

330

(1)

Other Printed and Duplicated Materials

331

(2)

Pamphlets and Brochures

331

(1)

Workbooks

331

(1)

Duplicated Material

332

(1)

Paperback Books

332

(1)

The Classroom Library

333

(1)

Teaching Students to Take Notes

333

(1)

Sources of Teaching Materials

334

(5)

Free and Inexpensive Materials

335

(1)

Making Your Own Materials

335

(1)

The Community as a Resource

336

(3)

Homework

339

(10)

What Kind of Homework?

339

(1)

Making Homework Assignments

340

(1)

How Much Homework?

341

(1)

Evaluating Homework

342

(1)

Supervised Study

343

(1)

Summary

344

(2)

Additional Reading

346

(1)

Notes

347

(2)

Educational Technologies

349

(28)

Overview

350

(1)

Audiovisual Media

350

(12)

Uses of Audiovisual Media

350

(1)

Making the Most of the Medium

350

(1)

Selecting the Audiovisual Material

351

(1)

Planning to Use the Materials

351

(1)

Preparing for the Audiovisual Activity

351

(1)

Guiding Students Through Audiovisual Activities

352

(1)

Following Up Audiovisual Activities

352

(1)

Kinds of Audiovisual Materials

353

(5)

Homemade Visual Aids

358

(1)

Television

359

(2)

Selecting Television Programs

361

(1)

Computers and Teaching Programs

362

(15)

Computer Classroom Roles

364

(1)

Learning about Computers

364

(1)

Learning from Computers

365

(1)

Learning with Computers

366

(2)

Learning to Think with Computers

368

(1)

Managing Instruction with Computers

369

(1)

Planning Computer Activities

370

(3)

Ethical Considerations

373

(1)

Summary

373

(1)

Additional Reading

374

(1)

Notes

375

(2)

Classroom Evaluation

377

(42)

Overview

378

(1)

Background

379

(1)

Definitions

379

(1)

A Caveat

379

(1)

Evaluation in Units and Courses

380

(3)

Objectives and Evaluation

380

(1)

Preparing an Evaluation Plan

380

(1)

Selecting the Right Instrument

380

(1)

Summative, Formative, or Diagnostic Evaluation

381

(1)

Criteria for a Good Measuring Device

381

(2)

Carrying Out the Plan

383

(1)

Tools for Assessment

383

(12)

Performance Assessment

383

(5)

Themes, Notebooks, Homework, and Recitation

388

(1)

Portfolios

388

(1)

Self-Evaluation Techniques

389

(2)

Tests

391

(4)

Building Classroom Tests

395

(9)

General Procedures for Test Construction

395

(1)

Building an Objective Test

396

(7)

Building an Essay Test

403

(1)

Building Criterion-Referenced Tests

404

(1)

Assessing Attitudes, Ideals, and Appreciations

404

(1)

Administering and Scoring Teacher-Built Tests

404

(3)

Giving the Test

404

(1)

Scoring the Essay Test

405

(1)

Scoring the Objective Test

405

(2)

Evaluating Teacher-Built Tests

407

(3)

Analyzing Test Items

407

(1)

Analysis of Criterion-Referenced Tests

408

(1)

Diagnostic Item Analysis

409

(1)

Standardized Tests, Scales, and Inventories

410

(9)

Kinds of Standardized Tests

410

(1)

Selecting a Standardized Test

411

(1)

Administering a Standardized Test

411

(4)

Summary

415

(2)

Additional Reading

417

(1)

Notes

417

(2)

Marking and Reporting to Parents

419

(28)

Overview

420

(1)

Marks and Marking

420

(18)

Criticism of Marking Systems

420

(2)

Marking Tests

422

(2)

Assigning Marks

424

(2)

Term and Course Marks

426

(12)

Reporting to Parents

438

(3)

The Right to Know

438

(1)

Report Cards

438

(1)

Supplementary Reports

439

(2)

Promotion

441

(6)

Continuous Progress

441

(1)

Setting Standards for Promotion

441

(3)

Summary

444

(1)

Additional Reading

445

(1)

Notes

446

(1)

The Professional Teacher (Epilogue)

447

(6)

Additional Reading

450

(1)

Notes

451

(2)

Appendix A Student Teaching and Internship

453

(10)

Appendix B Getting Established

463

(6)

Index

469

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Secondary and Middle School Teaching Methods

Secondary and Middle School Teaching Methods

9780023228711

0023228717

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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