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Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

by: McBurney, Donald H.; White, Theresa L.

Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

by: McBurney, Donald H.; White, Theresa L.

ISBN 13:
9780534524180
ISBN 10:
0534524184
Edition: 6th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/15/2003
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

1. Psychology and Science. 2. Developing a Research Question. 3. Ethics in Research. 4. Writing in Psychology. 5. Variables. 6. Tabular and Graphical Descriptions of Data. 7. Validity. 8. Control. 9. Nonexperimental Research, Part 1: Observational, Archival, and Case-Study Research. 10. Nonexperimental Research Part 2: Survey Research. 11. True Experiments, Part 1: Single Factor Designs. 12. True Experiments, Part 2: Factorial Designs. 13. Single-Subject Experiments. 14. Quasi Experiments. 15. Epilogue: Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology. Appendix A: Review of Statistics. Appendix B: Random-Number Table. Appendix C: Population Data Set. Appendix D: Suggested Answers to "Reading Between the Lines". Appendix E: Key for Identifying Appropriate Graphs and Statistics.

1 Psychology and Science

(29)

Ways of Knowing about Behavior

(4)

Nonempirical Methods

(1)

Empirical Methods

(2)

What Is Science?

(4)

Characteristics of Science

(3)

The Relation Between Science and Nonscience

(1)

Working Assumptions of Science

(3)

The Reality of the World

(1)

Rationality

(1)

Regularity

(1)

Discoverability

(1)

Causality

(1)

The Goals of Science

(10)

The Discovery of Regularities

(4)

The Development of Theories

(2)

The Role of Theories

(2)

Hypotheses in Science

(1)

The Nature of Scientific Progress

(1)

A Note on Psychology and Science

(1)

Summary

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

A Case in Point

(3)

Reading Between the Lines

(2)

Exercises

(1)

2 Developing a Research Question

(20)

Choice of a Problem

(1)

The Literature Review

(1)

Using the Internet

(6)

Guidelines for Evaluating Information from the Internet

(1)

Search Engines

(1)

Government and Organizational Web Sites

(1)

Some Individual Web Sites for Psychology

(1)

Proprietary Web Sites

(2)

(1)

Psychology Databases

(1)

An Extended Internet Search Example: Waist-Hip Ratio and Attractiveness

(6)

Inter-Library Loan

(1)

After You Locate the Important Articles

(1)

The Research Question

(1)

The Proposal

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(3)

3 Ethics in Research

(26)

The APA Ethics Code

(1)

Commentary on Responsibility

(1)

Commentary on Protection from Harm

(2)

Commentary on Informed Consent

(1)

Commentary on Privacy and Freedom from Coercion

(2)

Commentary on Deception

(1)

Commentary on Debriefing

(2)

Fraud in Research

(2)

Role of the Research Participant

(1)

Ethics and Animal Experimentation

(5)

Animal Rights and Animal Welfare

(1)

Speciesism?

(2)

The Case of the Silver Spring Monkeys

(2)

Nuts and Bolts

(1)

Summary

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

A Case in Point

(5)

Reading Between the Lines

(1)

Exercises

(2)

4 Writing in Psychology

(42)

The Written Report

(25)

General

(2)

Avoiding Sexism and Ethnic Bias in Writing

(1)

The Parts of a Paper

(3)

Documenting Your Paper

(4)

Steps in the Publication Process

(15)

Oral Presentations

102

(1)

Poster Presentations

103

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

104

(5)

Summary

109

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

110

(1)

A Case in Point

110

(5)

Reading Between the Lines

115

(2)

Exercises

117

(1)

5 Variables

118

(22)

Types of Variables

119

(3)

Dependent and Independent Variables

119

(1)

Confounded Variables

120

(1)

Quantitative and Categorical Variables

121

(1)

Continuous and Discrete Variables

121

(1)

Measurement

122

(6)

What Is Measurement?

122

(1)

Types of Measurement Scales

123

(2)

Comparison of the Scales

125

(2)

Measurement and Statistics?

127

(1)

Reliability and Validity of Measurements

128

(3)

Variability and Error

128

(1)

Validity of Measurements

129

(2)

Nuts and Bolts

131

(2)

Summary

133

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

135

(1)

A Case in Point

135

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

135

(2)

Exercises

137

(3)

6 Tabular and Graphical Description of Data

140

(29)

Tables and Graphs of Frequency Data of One Variable

141

(4)

Frequency Tables

141

(1)

Frequency Distributions

142

(2)

Cumulative Frequency Distributions

144

(1)

Percentiles

144

(1)

Tables and Graphs That Show the Relationship Between Two Variables

145

(4)

Scattergrams

146

(1)

Tables with One Independent and One Dependent Variable

147

(1)

Graphs of Functions (Line Graphs)

148

(1)

Bar Graphs

148

(1)

Relation Between Frequency Distributions and Other Graphs

149

(3)

Time-Series Graphs

152

(1)

Indicating Variability of the Data in a Graph

153

(1)

Preparing Data for Analysis

154

(7)

Data Reduction

155

(1)

The Coding Guide

156

(1)

Checking for Invalid Data, Missing Data, and Outliers

157

(3)

Proceeding with the Analysis

160

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

161

(2)

Summary

163

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

164

(1)

A Case in Point

164

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

165

(3)

Exercises

168

(1)

7 Validity

169

(20)

Types of Validity

169

(4)

Internal Validity

170

(1)

Construct Validity

171

(1)

External Validity

172

(1)

Statistical Validity

173

(1)

Threats to Validity

173

(6)

Threats to Internal Validity

173

(3)

Threats to Construct Validity

176

(1)

Threats to External Validity

177

(2)

Threats to Statistical Validity

179

(1)

Summary Note on Validity

179

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

179

(3)

Summary

182

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

183

(1)

A Case in Point

183

(2)

Reading Between the Lines

185

(1)

Exercises

186

(3)

8 Control

189

(25)

The Concept of Control

189

(3)

Control Provides a Standard of Comparison

190

(1)

Control Reduces Variability

191

(1)

General Strategies

192

(2)

Control in the Laboratory

192

(1)

The Research Setting as a Preparation

193

(1)

Instrumentation of the Response as Control

194

(1)

Specific Strategies

194

(9)

Subject as Own Control (Within-Subjects Control)

194

(2)

Random Assignment

196

(2)

Matching

198

(1)

Building Nuisance Variables into the Experiment

199

(2)

Statistical Control

201

(2)

Replication, Replication

203

(2)

Experimental Design as Problem Solving

205

(1)

The Elegant Experiment

205

(1)

How to Use the Rest of This Book

206

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

206

(3)

Summary

209

(2)

Suggestion for Further Reading

211

(1)

A Case in Point

211

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

212

(1)

Exercise

213

(1)

9 Nonexperimental Research, Part 1: Observational, Archival, and Case-Study Research

214

(24)

The Hermeneutic Approach

216

(1)

Observational Research

216

(7)

Naturalistic Observation

217

(4)

Participant-Observer Research

221

(2)

Archival Research

223

(1)

Case Studies

224

(1)

Theory Development and Testing in Observational and Archival Research

225

(2)

Nuts and Bolts

227

(4)

Summary

231

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

232

(1)

A Case in Point

232

(3)

Reading Between the Lines

235

(2)

Exercises

237

(1)

10 Nonexperimental Research, Part 2: Survey Research

238

(27)

How a Questionnaire Is Designed

238

(1)

Determine the Purpose of the Questionnaire

239

(1)

Determine the Types of Questions

239

(5)

Write the Items

240

(4)

Determine How the Data Will Be Analyzed

244

(1)

Administering the Questionnaire

244

(3)

Determine the Method of Administration

244

(2)

The Problem of Response Rate

246

(1)

Sampling

247

(7)

Types of Samples

247

(1)

Probability Samples and Random Selection

248

(5)

Summary of Sampling Procedures

253

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

254

(2)

Summary

256

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

256

(1)

A Case in Point

257

(2)

Reading Between the Lines

259

(1)

Exercises

260

(5)

11 True Experiments, Part 1: Single-Factor Designs

265

(21)

True Experiments

265

(1)

Factors, Levels, Conditions, and Treatments

266

(1)

Some Designs to Avoid

266

(3)

The One-Group Posttest-Only Design

267

(1)

The Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Control Groups

267

(1)

The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

268

(1)

The Basic Elements of a Valid Experimental Design

269

(1)

Within-Subjects Designs

270

(7)

Controlling for Order and Sequence Effects

270

(4)

Two Conditions, Tested Within Subjects

274

(1)

Multiple Conditions, Tested Within Subjects

275

(2)

Between-Subjects Designs

277

(2)

Two Conditions, Tested Between Subjects

277

(1)

Multiple Conditions, Tested Between Subjects

277

(2)

Summary

279

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

280

(1)

A Case in Point

280

(2)

Reading Between the Lines

282

(2)

Exercises

284

(2)

12 True Experiments, Part 2: Factorial Designs

286

(23)

A Simple Factorial Design

288

(1)

Main Effects

289

(1)

Interactions

290

(4)

Interactions When There Is No Main Effect

291

(3)

Types of Interactions

294

(1)

Within-Subjects, Between-Subjects, and Mixed Designs

294

(6)

Advantages of Within-Subjects Designs

299

(1)

Control in Within-Subjects Factorial Experiments

299

(1)

Some Representative Factorial Designs

300

(2)

Factorial, Within-Subjects

300

(1)

Factorial, Between-Subjects

301

(1)

A Mixed Factorial Design

301

(1)

Summary

302

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

303

(1)

A Case in Point

303

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

304

(2)

Exercises

306

(3)

13 Single-Participant Experiments

309

(21)

Advantages of the Single-Participant Approach

310

(3)

Focusing on Individual Performance

311

(1)

Focusing on Big Effects

312

(1)

Avoiding Ethical and Practical Problems

313

(1)

Flexibility in Design

313

(1)

Disadvantages of the Single-Participant Approach

313

(1)

Basic Control Strategies in Single-Participant Research

314

(10)

Obtaining a Stable Baseline

314

(1)

Comparison (AB Design)

315

(1)

Withdrawal of Treatment (ABA Design)

315

(1)

Repeating Treatments (ABAB Design)

315

(3)

Changing Only One Variable at a Time

318

(1)

Using Multiple Baselines

319

(2)

Employing a Changing Criterion

321

(1)

Two Examples from Psychophysics

321

(3)

Summary

324

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

325

(1)

A Case in Point

326

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

326

(2)

Exercises

328

(2)

14 Quasi Experiments

330

(31)

The Principal Difference Between Quasi Experiments and True Experiments

330

(3)

Other Features of Quasi Experiments

332

(1)

Which Is the Best Research Method?

332

(1)

Nonequivalent Control Group Designs

333

(3)

Mixed Factorial Design with One Nonmanipulated Variable

336

(1)

Designs Without Control Groups

336

(5)

Interrupted Time-Series Designs

337

(3)

Repeated-Treatment Designs

340

(1)

Designs to Test Developmental Changes

341

(4)

Program Evaluation

345

(5)

Sources of Resistance to Program Evaluations

346

(1)

Steps in Planning an Evaluation

347

(2)

Two Examples of Program Evaluation

349

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

350

(3)

Summary

353

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

354

(1)

A Case in Point

355

(2)

Reading Between the Lines

357

(2)

Exercises

359

(2)

Epilogue Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology

361

(12)

Biases

362

(3)

Science as Conservative

362

(2)

Science as Liberal

364

(1)

Limitations of Science

365

(3)

Essential Limitations

366

(2)

Practical Limitations

368

(1)

The Responsibilities of the Scientist

368

(1)

Summary Note on Biases and Limitations of Science

369

(1)

Summary

370

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

371

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

371

(1)

Exercises

372

(1)

Appendix A Review of Statistics

373

(33)

Some Basic Terms

373

(1)

Descriptive Statistics

374

(11)

Measures of Central Tendency

374

(3)

Measures of Variability

377

(3)

Correlation and Regression

380

(5)

Inferential Statistics

385

(21)

Sampling Distributions

385

(2)

Testing Hypotheses

387

(2)

Dealing with Uncertainty in Hypothesis Testing

389

(3)

The Significance of Significance

392

(1)

Effect Size

393

(1)

Analysis of Variance

394

Exercises 401

Appendix B Random-Number Table

406

(2)

Appendix C Population Data Set

408

(2)

Appendix D Suggested Answers to "Reading Between the Lines"

410

(7)

Appendix E Key for Identifying Appropriate Graphs and Statistics

417

(4)

References

421

(8)

Indexes

429

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

9780534524180

0534524184

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

9780534524180

0534524184

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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