Dr. John E. Morley, known internationally as a gerontological researcher, clinician, and educator, became the Director of the Division of Geriatric Medicine and the Dammert Professor of Gerontology. In addition to extensive personal scientific achievements, Dr. Morley has directed the clinical training programs in both endocrinology and geriatrics and supervised research activities ranging from basic biomedical investigation to epidemiology and health services research. He is the editor of the Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, and recipient of the Ipsen Foundation of Longevity Award in 2001, the American Geriatrics Society's Lascher/Manning Award for Lifetime Achievement in Geriatrics in 2002, and the Gerontological Society of America's Freeman Award in 2004. He has developed a number of educational games and has a special interest in continuous quality improvement (CQI).

Preface xi

1 Epidemiology of Muscle Mass Loss with Age 1
Marjolein Visser

2 Definitions of Sarcopenia 8
John E. Morley and Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft

3 Muscle Biology and mTORC1 Signaling in Aging 20
Blake B. Rasmussen and Elena Volpi

4 The Role of the Nervous System in Muscle Atrophy 41
Minal Bhanushali, Robin Conwit, Jeffrey Metter and Luigi Ferrucci

5 Nutrition, Protein Turnover and Muscle Mass 59
Stephane Walrand, Christelle Guillet and Yves Boirie

6 The Complex Relation between Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength 74
Todd M. Manini, David W. Russ and Brian C. Clark

7 Is Sarcopenia a Geriatric Syndrome? 104
Jean-Pierre Michel and Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft

8 Adverse Outcomes and Functional Consequences of Sarcopenia 114
David R. Thomas

9 A Lifecourse Approach to Sarcopenia 125
Avan Aihie Sayer

10 Cachexia and Sarcopenia 141
Maurizio Muscaritoli, Simone Lucia and Filippo Rossi Fanelli

11 Sarcopenia and Frailty 154
Cornel C. Sieber

12 Sarcopenia, Osteoporosis and Fractures 168
Tommy Cederholm

13 Sarcopenic Obesity 181
Mauro Zamboni, Andrea P. Rossi and Elena Zoico

14 Imaging of Skeletal Muscle 193
Thomas F. Lang

15 Measurements of Muscle Mass, Equations and Cut-off Points 205
Marjolein Visser and Laura Schaap

16 Measurement of Muscle Strength and Power 226
Michael Drey and Jurgen M. Bauer

17 Measurements of Physical Performance 238
Rolland Yves, Gabor Abellan van Kan and Matteo Cesari

18 Exercise Interventions to Improve Sarcopenia 252
Mark D. Peterson and Jos´e A. Serra-Rexach

19 Nutritional Approaches to Treating Sarcopenia 275
Douglas Paddon-Jones and Luc van Loon

20 The Future of Drug Treatments 296
Francesco Landi, Yves Rolland and Graziano Onder

21 Sarcopenia: Is It Preventable? 324
Maurits Vandewoude and Ivan Bautmans

Index 339

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