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Rules for Writers: 1999 Mla Update

ISBN: 9780312247768 | 0312247761
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Bedford/st Martins
Pub. Date: 12/1/1995

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Table of Contents
Preface for Instructorsv
How to Use This Bookxii
The Writing Process1(64)
Generate ideas and sketch a plan.
2(19)
... MORE
Assessing the writing situation
2(10)
Exploring your subject
12(5)
Settling on a tentative focus
17(2)
Sketching a tentative plan
19(2)
Rough out an initial draft.
21(4)
Drafting an introduction that includes a thesis
21(3)
Filling out the body
24(1)
Attempting a conclusion
24(1)
Make global revisions first; then revise sentences.
25(19)
Making global revisions
25(2)
Revising and editing sentences
27(2)
Proofreading
29(15)
Writing Assignments and Model Essays
29(15)
Choose an appropriate document design.
44(21)
Principles of document design
44(8)
Academic essay formats: MLA and APA styles
52(7)
Business formats: letters, resumes, and memos
59(6)
Paragraphs65(26)
Focus on a main point.
66(3)
Stating the main point in a topic sentence
66(1)
Sticking to the point
67(2)
Develop the main point.
69(11)
Developing skimpy paragraphs
69(1)
Choosing a suitable pattern of development
70(6)
Arranging information
76(2)
Adjusting paragraph length
78(2)
Improve coherence.
80(11)
Linking ideas clearly
80(3)
Repeating key words
83(1)
Using parallel structures
83(1)
Maintaining consistency
84(1)
Providing transitions
85(6)
The Stand-Alone Paragraph
87(4)
Clarity91(58)
Coordinate equal ideas; subordinate minor ideas.
92(7)
Choppy sentences
93(2)
Ineffective or excessive coordination
95(2)
Subordination for emphasis
97(1)
Excessive subordination
97(2)
Balance parallel ideas.
99(4)
In a series
99(1)
Presented as pairs
100(2)
Repetition of function words
102(1)
Add needed words.
103(3)
In compound structures
103(1)
that
104(1)
In comparisons
104(1)
a, an, and the
105(1)
Untangle mixed constructions.
106(4)
Mixed grammar
107(1)
Illogical connections
108(1)
Is when, is where, and reason ... is because
109(1)
Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers.
110(6)
Limiting modifiers
110(1)
Misplaced phrases and clauses
111(1)
Awkwardly placed modifiers
112(1)
Split infinitives
112(2)
Dangling modifiers
114(2)
Eliminate distracting shifts.
116(4)
Point of view
116(1)
Verb tense
117(1)
Verb mood, voice
118(1)
Indirect to direct questions or quotations
119(1)
Emphasize your point.
120(5)
Active verbs
121(2)
Subject that names actor
123(1)
Special techniques
124(1)
Provide some variety.
125(3)
Sentence openings
125(1)
Sentence structures
126(1)
Inverted order
127(1)
Tighten wordy sentences.
128(4)
Redundancies
128(1)
Unnecessary repetition
128(1)
Empty or inflated phrases
129(1)
Simplifying the structure
130(1)
Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
131(1)
Choose appropriate language.
132(8)
Jargon
132(1)
Pretentious language and euphemisms
133(2)
Obsolete, archaic, and invented words
135(1)
Slang, regional expressions, and nonstandard English
135(2)
Levels of formality
137(1)
Sexist language
138(2)
Find the exact words.
140(9)
Connotations
141(1)
Specific, concrete nouns
141(1)
Misused words
142(1)
Standard idioms
143(2)
Worn-out expressions
145(1)
Figures of speech
146(3)
Grammar149(69)
Repair sentence fragments.
150(6)
Subordinate clauses
151(1)
Phrases
152(1)
Other fragmented word groups
152(3)
Acceptable fragments
155(1)
Revise run-on sentences.
156(7)
Correction with and, but, etc.
159(1)
Correction with semicolon, colon, or dash
160(1)
Correction by separating sentences
160(1)
Correction by restructuring
161(2)
Make subjects and verbs agree.
163(11)
Words between subject and verb
164(1)
Compound subjects with and
165(1)
Compound subjects with or, nor, either ... or, or neither ... nor
166(1)
Indefinite pronouns
166(1)
Collective nouns
167(2)
Subject following verb
169(1)
Subject complement
169(2)
who, which, and that
171(1)
Words with plural form, singular meaning
172(1)
Titles of works, words mentioned as words
172(2)
Make pronouns and antecedents agree.
174(4)
Indefinite pronouns and generic nouns
175(1)
Collective nouns
176(1)
Compound antecedents with and
177(1)
Compound antecedents with or, nor, either ... or, or neither ... nor
177(1)
Make pronoun references clear.
178(5)
Ambiguous or remote reference
179(1)
Broad reference of this, that, which, and it
179(1)
Implied antecedent
180(1)
Indefinite use of they, it, and you
181(1)
who for persons, that or which for things
182(1)
Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me.
183(5)
Subjects and subject complements
183(1)
Objects
184(1)
Appositives
185(1)
Elliptical constructions
185(1)
we or us before a noun
186(1)
Subjects and objects of infinitives
186(1)
Pronoun modifying a gerund
187(1)
Distinguish between who and whom.
188(4)
In subordinate clauses
189(1)
In questions
190(2)
Choose adjectives and adverbs with care.
192(5)
Adverbs as modifiers
192(1)
Adjectives as complements
193(1)
Comparatives and superlatives
194(1)
Double negatives
195(2)
Choose standard English verb forms.
197(11)
Irregular verbs
197(4)
lie and lay
201(1)
-s (or -es) endings
202(3)
-ed endings
205(1)
Omitted verbs
206(2)
Use verbs in the appropriate tense, mood, and voice.
208(10)
Verb tense
208(5)
Subjunctive mood
213(2)
Active and passive voice
215(3)
ESL Grammar218(25)
Be alert to special problems with verbs.
218(11)
Helping verbs and main verbs
218(4)
Verbs in conditional sentences
222(2)
Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
224(3)
Two-word verbs
227(2)
Omitted verbs
229(1)
Use the articles a, an, and the appropriately.
229(5)
When to use a (or an)
230(1)
When not to use a (or an)
231(1)
When to use the
232(1)
When not to use the
233(1)
Be aware of other potential trouble spots.
234(9)
Omitted subjects, omitted there, it
234(1)
Repeated subjects
235(1)
Repeated objects, adverbs in adjective clauses
236(1)
Placement of adjectives and adverbs
237(2)
Confusion of present and past participles
239(2)
Prepositions showing time and place
241(2)
Punctuation243(46)
The comma
244(13)
Independent clauses joined with and, but, etc.
244(1)
Introductory clauses or phrases
245(2)
Items in a series
247(1)
Coordinate adjectives
247(1)
Nonrestrictive elements
248(4)
Transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, contrasted elements
252(2)
Nouns of direct address, the words yes and no, interrogative tags, mild interjections
254(1)
Expressions such as he said
254(1)
Dates, addresses, titles, numbers
254(2)
Preventing confusion
256(1)
Unnecessary commas
257(6)
Between compound elements that are not independent clauses
257(1)
After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence
258(1)
Before the first or after the last item in a series
258(1)
Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective
259(1)
Before and after restrictive or mildly parenthetical elements
259(1)
Before essential adverbial concluding elements
260(1)
Between a verb and its subject or object
261(1)
Other misuses
261(2)
The semicolon
263(4)
Independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction
263(1)
Independent clauses linked with a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase
264(1)
Series containing internal punctuation
265(1)
Misuses
265(2)
The colon
267(3)
Before a list, an appositive, or a quotation
267(1)
Between independent clauses
268(1)
Salutations, hours and minutes, proportions, titles and subtitles, bibliographic entries
268(1)
Misuses
268(2)
The apostrophe
270(3)
Possessive nouns
270(1)
Possessive indefinite pronouns
271(1)
Contractions
271(1)
Plurals of numbers mentioned as numbers, letters mentioned as letters, words mentioned as words, abbreviations
272(1)
Misuses
272(1)
Quotation marks
273(6)
Direct quotations
273(1)
Long quotations
274(1)
Quotation within a quotation
275(1)
Titles
275(1)
Words as words
276(1)
With other punctuation marks
276(2)
Misuses
278(1)
End punctuation
279(3)
Period
279(2)
Question mark
281(1)
Exclamation point
281(1)
Other punctuation marks: the dash, parentheses, brackets, the ellipsis mark, the slash
282(7)
The dash
282(1)
Parentheses
283(1)
Brackets
284(1)
The ellipsis mark
285(1)
The slash
286(3)
Mechanics289(24)
Abbreviations
290(3)
Titles with proper names
290(1)
Organizations, corporations, and countries
290(1)
Conventional abbreviations
291(1)
Latin abbreviations
291(1)
Misuses
291(2)
Numbers
293(2)
Spelling out
293(1)
Using figures
294(1)
Italics (underlining)
295(3)
Titles of works
295(1)
Names of spacecraft, aircraft, ships, and trains
296(1)
Foreign words
296(1)
Words mentioned as words, letters mentioned as letters, and numbers mentioned as numbers
297(1)
Misuses
297(1)
Spelling
298(7)
The dictionary
298(3)
Words that sound alike
301(1)
Spelling rules
302(2)
Commonly misspelled words
304(1)
The hyphen
305(3)
Compound words
305(1)
Hyphenated adjectives
305(1)
Fractions and compound numbers
306(1)
With certain prefixes and suffixes
306(1)
To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters
306(1)
Word division
307(1)
Capital letters
308(5)
Proper versus common nouns
308(1)
Titles with proper names
309(1)
Titles and subtitles of works
310(1)
First word of a sentence
310(1)
First word of a quoted sentence
311(1)
First word after a colon
311(1)
Abbreviations
311(2)
Argument313(18)
Build a convincing case.
314(8)
Planning a strategy
314(3)
Framing a thesis and stating major arguments
317(1)
Drafting an introduction
318(1)
Supporting each argument with specific evidence
319(2)
Anticipating objections; refuting opposing arguments
321(1)
Avoid common mistakes in reasoning.
322(9)
Using inductive reasoning with care
322(1)
Using deductive reasoning with care
323(2)
Avoiding logical fallacies
325(6)
Research Guide331(90)
Pose questions worth exploring.
333(1)
Follow a search strategy.
334(7)
Read critically.
341(5)
Reading selectively
341(1)
Maintaining a working bibliography
342(2)
Reading with a critical eye
344(2)
Take notes without plagiarizing.
346(5)
Taking systematic notes
346(1)
Avoiding unintentional plagiarism
347(4)
Sketch a preliminary plan.
351(2)
Forming a thesis
351(1)
Constructing an outline
352(1)
Cite sources; avoid plagiarism.
353(4)
Using a consistent system for citing sources
353(1)
Avoiding plagiarism
354(3)
Integrate quotations as smoothly as possible.
357(4)
Using signal phrases
357(2)
Setting off long quotations
359(1)
Using the ellipsis mark and brackets
359(2)
MLA documentation
361(37)
MLA in-text citations
361(6)
MLA list of works cited
367(15)
Content and bibliographic notes
382(1)
Sample research paper: MLA style
383(15)
APA and other styles
398(23)
APA in-text citations
398(4)
APA references (bibliographic list)
402(5)
Sample research paper: APA style
407(11)
List of style manuals
418(3)
The Basics421(30)
Parts of speech
422(10)
Nouns
422(1)
Pronouns
423(3)
Verbs
426(2)
Adjectives
428(1)
Adverbs
429(1)
Prepositions
430(1)
Conjunctions
431(1)
Interjections
432(1)
Sentence patterns
432(8)
Subjects
432(3)
Verbs, objects, and complements
435(3)
Pattern variations
438(2)
Subordinate word groups
440(7)
Prepositional phrases
440(2)
Subordinate clauses
442(3)
Verbal phrases
445(2)
Appositive phrases
447(1)
Absolute phrases
447(1)
Sentence types
447(4)
Sentence structures
448(1)
Sentence purposes
449(2)
Glossary of Usage451(14)
Answers to Lettered Exercises465(12)
Index477

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