Rent 9780205336326 | Religions in Practice : An Approach to the Anthropology of Religion

Summary Table of Contents

This book takes a unique perspective as it looks at how people engage in everyday religious practices , such as prayer, sacrifice, pilgrimage, and dress, as well as investigates major issues of gender, nation-states, and laws with respect to religion. No other text examines the full spectrum of religions from small-scale societies to full-blown world religious movements. The in-depth treatment of Islam and Christianity is of particular interest to students, and is easily expanded to include field projects directly related to material covered in the text. The revised edition includes up-to-the-minute examples and high-interest news stories from today's headlines.

Preface

xiii

Studying Religion through Practice

(9)

Defining Religion

(7)

... MORE

An Anthropological Approach to Studying Religion

(1)

Practices, Contexts, Diversity

(3)

Ideas and Practices of ``Religion'' in Europe and Elsewhere

(18)

Western Ideas of Religion

(2)

Religion as a Belief System

(1)

Other Religions, Other Models

(4)

Imposed Definitions of Religion

(1)

Wana Practices and Indonesian Definitions

(1)

Combining Religious Practices in Japan

(12)

Practice and Belief

(1)

Shinto and Spirits

(1)

Spirits and Social Change

(2)

Buddhism and Souls

(2)

The State and Religion

(5)

Ritual and Emotions

(13)

Sequence and the Liminal Stage of Rituals

(2)

Reshaping, Reversing, Communitas

(1)

Grief and Ritual

(3)

Is Grief Universal?

(1)

Emotions and Their Expressions

(1)

Initiation, Secrecy, and Fear

(2)

Hopi Whipping and Disenchantment

(1)

New Guinea Traumas and Homosexuality

(1)

Theory in Anthropology: Emotion as Religion's Source

(5)

The Complexity of Grief in Sri Lanka

(3)

Jonathan Spencer

Death, Life, and Debates

(19)

Death Ritual and the Social Order

(7)

From Spirit to Household God in Japan

(2)

Regenerating Life from Death

(1)

Asmat Headhunting and Birth through Death

(2)

Secondary Burial

(2)

Debates about Death; Debates about Life

(7)

Teaching the Soul

(1)

Chanting for the Sake of the Spirit

(3)

Catholic Masses for the Dead

(1)

Theory in Anthropology: Emile Durkheim and Society as Religion's Source

(5)

Studying Culture through Internal Debates

(2)

John Bowen

Gender, Religion, and Ethnography

(23)

Creating Gender through Ritual

(4)

Producing Men and Women

(1)

Ritual, Fertility, and Culture

(2)

Gender Differentiation and Initiation

(1)

Reanalyses through the Lens of Gender

(1)

Rituals of Reversal, Reversed

(1)

Articulating Women's Perspectives through Spirits

(4)

Zar Possession

(2)

Wicca

(2)

Religious Patriarchy and Its Challenges

(3)

Abraham and Sacrifice

(1)

Fundamentalism and Gender Roles

(2)

Women and Islamic Dress

(6)

Dress and Feminism in Cairo

(3)

Comparisons

(1)

Theory in Anthropology: Pierre Bourdieu, from Norms to Practices

(4)

Studying Fundamentalism

(2)

Susan Friend Harding

Extending Our Powers: ``Magic'' and Healing

(18)

Understanding ``Magic''

(3)

Likeness and Contact

(1)

Magic and Anxiety

(1)

Crop Magic and Change in the United States

(1)

Healing and Culture

(3)

Giving Birth in Panama and Malaysia

(1)

Faith and Healing in Christian Science

(2)

Trance, Possession, and Healing

(2)

Afro-Brazilian Trances

(1)

Shared Healing in Southern Africa

(1)

Modern Magic in Japanese New Religions

(9)

Purification and Apocalypse

(1)

Amulets and Ancestors

(1)

Trance Psychology

(1)

Who Joints the New Religions?

(1)

Magic and Religion

(1)

Studying New Age Religions in the United States

(3)

Michael Brown

Explaining Misfortune: Witchcraft and Sorcery

101

(19)

Religion and Explanation

101

(3)

Karma in South Asia

102

(1)

Suffering as Part of God's Plan

103

(1)

Sorcery as a Focus on Practitioners

104

(1)

Sorcery and Leadership in Melanesia

104

(1)

Distrust and Navajo Sorcery

105

(1)

Witchcraft and Moral Accounts of Misfortune

105

(2)

Witchcraft as a Characteristic of the Individual

107

(5)

Azande Ideas of Bodily Substance

107

(1)

Explaining Misfortune

108

(2)

Consulting Oracles

110

(1)

African Witchcraft and Social Change

111

(1)

Witchcraft as Satan versus God

112

(8)

New England Puritans

112

(1)

Evil and Accusations

113

(1)

The Salem Outbreak of 1692

114

(2)

Salem and Disruption of the Moral Community

116

(2)

Evidence and Confessions

118

(2)

Prohibitions and Boundaries

120

(16)

Taboos, Eating, and Social Inequality

121

(4)

Hawaiian Taboo and Captain Cook

122

(1)

Purity and Pollution in India

123

(2)

Taboos and Community in Judaism

125

(1)

The Prohibitions of Leviticus

125

(11)

Passover and History

128

(1)

Ritual Life Today

129

(2)

Movable Boundaries

131

(1)

The Lubavitchers of Brooklyn

131

(2)

What Is the ``Jewish Community''?

133

(3)

Objects, Images, and Worship

136

(28)

Conveying Meaning through Symbols

136

(2)

Embodying Deities

138

(1)

Masks in West Africa

138

(4)

Images and Offerings in Hinduism

142

(5)

Gods: Few and Many

142

(2)

Offerings to Deities

144

(3)

Relics and Images in Catholicism

147

(7)

The History of Relics and the Host

148

(1)

Images versus Relics

149

(2)

A More Hierarchical Ritual

151

(2)

Christ Incarnate

153

(1)

Mary and Marys in European Societies

154

(10)

Marian Apparitions and Modern Life

154

(3)

Spanish Shrines

157

(2)

Many in One

159

(1)

A Japanese Comparison

159

(2)

Generalized Devotions

161

(1)

Jesus, Mary, and the Nation--State

161

(1)

Relics and Images in Buddhist Politics

162

(2)

Crossing Cultural Boundaries

164

(21)

Converting

165

(5)

Adult Baptism among the Amish

165

(1)

Conversion as Total Social Change

166

(1)

External and Internal Conversion

167

(1)

Missions and Civilization in South Africa

168

(2)

Translating: Mary in The Americas

170

(6)

The Virgin of Guadalupe

170

(1)

Guadalupe and Mexican Resistance to Spain

171

(2)

Africa to Brazil: The Role of Images

173

(1)

Umbanda in Rio

174

(2)

Adapting: Islamic Sacrifice in New Cultures

176

(9)

Gayo Observances

177

(2)

Objections to Ritual Efficacy

179

(2)

Moroccan Muslim Sacrifice: Reaffirming Male Dominance

181

(1)

Other Moroccan Forms of the Sacrifice Ritual

182

(1)

Fieldwork under Apartheid

183

(2)

Jean Comaroff

Sacred Speech and Divine Power

185

(21)

The Qur'an as Recitation of God's Speech

186

(3)

The Creative Power of Navajo Speech and Song

189

(3)

Speech and Grace in Protestant Churches

192

(14)

The Letter and the Spirit of Scripture

192

(2)

Election and Signs

194

(2)

Singing and Certainty among U.S. Primitive Baptists

196

(2)

Two Models of Church Authority

198

(1)

Charismatic and Pentecostal Churches

199

(4)

Urban Fieldwork in Egypt

203

(3)

Gregory Starrett

Transmitting Religion

206

(17)

Improvisation and Variation

207

(1)

New Age ``Channeling''

208

(2)

Transmission and Religious Universals

210

(3)

Mimesis and Performance

213

(4)

The Qur'an, Again

215

(1)

On to Audio

216

(1)

Replication/Performance

217

(1)

Religion on the Web

217

(6)

Creole Spaces

219

(2)

Supernatural Concepts and Experimental Methods

221

(2)

Pascal Boyer

Places and Pilgrims

223

(22)

Centers and Directions

223

(3)

Chinese Geomancy

225

(1)

Japanese Temples and Branches

225

(1)

Dimensions of Pilgrimage

226

(2)

The Pilgrimage to Mecca

228

(8)

Following the Footsteps of Muhammad

228

(1)

Rites of Separation

229

(1)

Moving in the Liminal State

230

(2)

The Hajj Proper

232

(1)

Reintegration to Normal Life

233

(1)

How Is It Meaningful?

233

(3)

Contrasts in Pilgrimage from Japan and India

236

(9)

Circling Shikoku

236

(3)

Bathing at Benares

239

(4)

From ``Sorrows of Simplicity'' to ``Shared Blessings'' in Ghatiyali

243

(2)

Ann Grodzins Gold

Saints, Visions, and Prophets

245

(25)

Saints as Exemplars and as Sources of Assistance

246

(4)

Acharn Man, a Buddhist Forest Dweller

248

(1)

Sathya Sai Baba, a Jet-Age Holy Man

248

(2)

Prophets and Social Change

250

(4)

The Problem of the Prophet's Continuity

251

(1)

The Birth of Prophecy in the Sudan

252

(2)

Revitalization Movements: Messiahs, Millennia, and Revivals

254

(6)

Land, Wealth, and Religious Visions

255

(1)

Maori Prophecies in New Zealand

255

(1)

Cargo Cults in Samoa and New Guinea

256

(1)

The Ghost Dance in North America

257

(2)

Christian Millenarian Movements in the United States

259

(1)

Mormon Prophecy and Authority

260

(4)

Joseph Smith, Prophet

260

(2)

The New Prophet and Conflicts with the United States

262

(1)

Authority and History Today

263

(1)

Muhammad and His Successors

264

(6)

Muhammad as Messenger and Prophet

265

(1)

Who Rules after Muhammad?

266

(1)

The Development of the Shi'i

266

(1)

Masters and Disciples in Sufi Orders

267

(3)

The Place of Religions in Modern Nations and States

270

(23)

Religious Nationalisms

271

(5)

Church and Nation in Poland

272

(1)

Hindu Nationalism in India

273

(3)

Religion and State Law

276

(3)

Gender and Marriage in Israeli Jewish Law

277

(2)

Religious Minorities and Public Religions

279

(3)

Kwaio Strategies for Recognition

280

(2)

Protestants in the Pueblos

282

(1)

Catholics in China

282

(1)

Minority Religions in Europe: Toleration or Public Recognition?

282

(4)

French Secularism versus Headscarves in Schools

283

(1)

The National Church in Britain

284

(1)

The Crucifix in Bavaria

285

(1)

Religion, Nation, and State in the United States

286

(7)

Religion in the Early Centuries

287

(1)

Balancing Rights and Tradition in a Pluralistic Nation

288

(5)

References

293

(10)

Index

303

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