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Reading Writing

by: Trail, George Y.

Reading Writing

by: Trail, George Y.

ISBN 13:
9780155072343
ISBN 10:
015507234X
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 09/01/2000
Publisher: Heinle & Heinle

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A Note to the Instructor

Teaching Approach

Introduction

(1)

Analytic Reading (Avoiding Judgment)

(4)

A Sample Analysis (``I'm One'')

(12)

How to Read the Reading

(1)

Identifying the Thesis

(2)

Identifying the Target Audience

(2)

Arguing with Pronouns

(2)

Analyzing Examples of Diction

(3)

Effective Argument

(28)

Effectiveness

(6)

A Working Definition

(1)

Argument for Grownups

(1)

Buying (and Selling) Bug Spray

(2)

``Effectiveness'' Is Relative

(3)

``Why I Want a Wife'': Responses

(16)

The Five Paragraph Theme and the Thesis in Argument

(3)

Just Your Opinion

(1)

Rhetorical Analysis of ``Why I Want a Wife''

(8)

Correctness and Rhetorical Intent

(1)

Reading Out Of, Reading Into

(3)

Never Simplify (or Simplify at Your Own Risk)

(35)

Spoken Text and Written Text (``I Have a Dream'' and the ``Gettysburg Address'')

(5)

Reading vs. Hearing

(2)

The Mind's Ear

(2)

Rhetorical Analysis and the Real World

(4)

Practical Application: The Note on the Refrigerator

(2)

The Overheard Effect

(2)

Gilbert Highet's ``The Gettysburg Address'': An Analysis

(14)

By What Means: Highet's Rhetorical Devices

(1)

The Use of Metaphor

(2)

To Whom: Highet's Target Audience

(4)

The Importance of Pronoun Analysis

(1)

The Benefit of the Doubt in Rhetorical Analysis

(1)

Methods of Rhetorical Investigation

(1)

Rhetorical Analysis and the Argument from Ignorance

(1)

Reading In and Reading Out

(4)

Rhetoric Is Details

(1)

Writing the Analysis

(10)

Approaching the Rhetorical Explanation

(1)

Tone: Conversational

(3)

The Thesis (or Theses), Overt and Covert

(5)

Emotion's Reason: Psychology in Rhetoric

(22)

Time, Place, and Psychology in the Construction of Argument

(3)

Pathos and Logos, Emotion and Reason

(1)

Rogers and Toulmin, the Psychologist and the Logician

(1)

Placing ``Politics and the English Language''

(19)

The Informal Fallacy in Rhetorical Analysis

(4)

Expanding the Ad Populum Appeal: The Extended Metaphor

(4)

Reader Participation

(4)

The Fully Active Reader

100

(1)

Orwell and English First

101

(2)

The Complexities of Audience: Argument and Change

103

(37)

Verifying the Target Audience

104

(9)

Where Arguments Begin

107

(2)

Why Arguments Must Begin in Hypotheticals

109

(1)

Arguments Must Begin from ``Acceptable Premises,'' not ``Sound Logical Bases''

109

(1)

There Is No General Reader

110

(1)

How Is the Targeted Audience to Be Identified?

111

(2)

``Why Women Are Paid Less Than Men''

113

(2)

Rogerian Argument as Organizing Structure

115

(1)

Rogerian Argument: A Working Definition

116

(12)

Morality and Rhetoric

117

(2)

All Statements, Like All Arguments, Are Rhetorical

119

(1)

Thurow and the Rogerian Argument

119

(1)

The Rogerian Argument and the Argument from Authority

120

(2)

Thurow's Givens

122

(6)

Assertions in Argument

128

(7)

Assumptions and Assertions

128

(1)

Assertions and Warrants

129

(6)

Argument and the Conversion Experience

135

(5)

The Conversion Experience

137

(3)

Generating Arguments: Two Paradigms

140

(25)

Stage One: Define the Target Audience

140

(7)

Date as Related to Target Audience

143

(2)

Degrees of Persuasion

145

(1)

Time

146

(1)

Description to Prescription (You Can't Win Them All but You Can Improve Your Odds)

147

(1)

Stage Two: Refine the Thesis

147

(3)

Aiming Too High

148

(2)

Toulminic Argument

150

(3)

Terms: Claim, qualifier, rebuttal; Data; Warrant, backing

151

(2)

Rogerian Argument

153

(12)

The Writer and the Therapist

155

(2)

Problems and Qualifications

157

(1)

The Rogerian Ethos

158

(1)

Rhetoric Is Value Neutral

158

(2)

The Full Rogers

160

(1)

Practical Applications

160

(5)

Readings for Analysis

165

(161)

Introduction

165

(2)

``Refusing Stereotypes'' (Houston Chronicle, 1994)

167

(2)

Donna Britt

``Ships in the Night'' (New York Times, 1994)

169

(2)

Lawrence Bush

``Demystifying Multiculturalism'' (National Review, 1994)

171

(6)

Linda Chavez

``The Prescriptive Tradition'' (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 1997)

177

(6)

David Crystal

``Is This a Dagger Which I See Before Me? (Washington Post, 1988)

183

(4)

Barney Frank

``A Liberalism of Heart and Spine'' (New York Times, 1994)

187

(4)

Henry Louis Gates Jr.

``Too Early in the Game for Karen'' (Washington Post, 1981)

191

(2)

Ellen Goodman

``A Proposal to Abolish Grading'' (Compulsory Miseducation, 1964)

193

(4)

Paul Goodman

``Language and Control'' (Harper's Magazine, 1990)

197

(2)

Gopac (Newt Gingrich)

``Curbing the Sexploitation Industry'' (New York Times, 1988)

199

(4)

Tipper Gore

``Everything Spoken Here'' (Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 1998)

203

(2)

Paul Greenburg

``In Defense of the Animals'' (Newsweek, 1989)

205

(4)

Meg Greenfield

``Giving Things Names'' (Language in Thought and Action, 1992)

209

(6)

S. I.

Alan R. Hayakawa

``When Nice People Burn Books'' (The Progressive, 1983)

215

(6)

Nat Hentoff

``The Gettysburg Address'' (A Clerk of Oxenford, 1954)

221

(6)

Gilbert Highet

``A Person Paper on Purity in Language'' (Metamagical Themas, 1983)

227

(8)

William Satire

alias Douglas R. Hofstadter

``Gays' Parade a Useful Exercise'' (Houston Post, 1993)

235

(2)

Molly Ivins

``Junk and the First Amendment'' (New York Times, 1978)

237

(4)

Susan Jacoby

``'Gender Bender' Ads: Same Old Sexism'' (New York Times, 1994)

241

(2)

Jean Kilbourne

``You are Liberal, You Strongly Favor Gay Rights'' (The New Republic, 1981)

243

(2)

Charles Krauthammer

``An Even Exchange'' (New York Times Magazine, 1998)

245

(2)

Karla Kuban

``Four-Letter Words Can Hurt You'' (New York Times, 1973)

247

(4)

Barbara Lawrence

``The Case for Torture'' (Newsweek, 1982)

251

(4)

Michael Levin

``Of Whales and Wisdom'' (Sierra: The Sierra Club Bulletin, 1980)

255

(2)

Robert McNally

``English Belongs to Everybody'' (Wordstruck: A Memoir, 1990)

257

(4)

Robert MacNeil

``Olympics of Mediocrity Can Fight Racism'' (Houston Chronicle, 1998)

261

(2)

Jeff Millar

``Stop Your Sniveling, Take It Like a Woman'' (Houston Chronicle, 1998)

263

(2)

Jacquelyn Mitchard

``Do Patterns Exist in Nature?'' (Houston Chronicle, 1998)

265

(4)

Richard Nilsen

``O'Connor's Limbo'' (The Village Voice, 1992)

269

(4)

Philip Nobile

``Politics and the English Language'' (Horizon, 1946)

273

(10)

George Orwell

``A Pyrrhic Victory'' (New York Times, 1994)

283

(2)

Anna Quindlen

``When It All Started'' (Washington Post, 1993)

285

(2)

William Raspberry

``The Bible Says'' (Houston Chronicle, 1998)

287

(2)

Carl T. Rowan

``Dealing with Breakdowns in Communication'' (On Becoming a Person, 1989)

289

(6)

Carl Rogers

``Metaphors: Live, Dead, and Silly'' (On Writing, 1970)

295

(6)

Roger Sale

``Feminists and the Clinton Question'' (New York Times, 1998)

301

(4)

Gloria Steinem

``The Abortion Clinic Shootings: Why?'' (The Boston Globe, 1995)

305

(4)

Randall A. Terry

``How to Convince a Reluctant Scientist'' (Scientific American, 1995)

309

(4)

John Timpane

``Advice for the Anti-Smokers: Take a Message from Garcia'' (Washington Post, 1995)

313

(2)

Abigail Trafford

``Give Children the Vote'' (The Nation, 1991)

315

(4)

Vita Wallace

``When the Lie Is So Big'' (testimony before the Senate Commerce Committee hearings on Record Labeling, 1985)

319

(7)

Frank Zappa

Acknowledgments

326

(2)

Appendix: ``I'm One''

328

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Reading Writing

Reading Writing

9780155072343

015507234X

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