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| Preface | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. xiii |
| Introducing the National Reading Panel Report | p. xiv |
| The Failure of the Reading First Initiative | p. xvi |
| Reading as a Sociopsycholinguistic Process | p. xviii |
| Teaching Phonics and Phonemic Awareness | p. xix |
| Problems with Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, and Fluency in Reading First | p. xxi |
| Dissecting DIBELS | |
| ... MORE | |
| Reading as a Cognitive, Constructive, and ôChaoticö Process | |
| Definitions of Reading: They Make a Difference | p. 1 |
| The Importance of a Definition | p. 1 |
| Characterizing Reading and Reading Instruction | p. 4 |
| Activity 1 | |
| Activity 2 | |
| Activity 3 | |
| For Further Exploration | p. 10 |
| Schemas and Transactions in the Reading Process | p. 14 |
| Comprehending and Learning to Read | p. 14 |
| The Meaning of Words and Sentences: A First Look | p. 15 |
| Schemas: What Are They? | p. 17 |
| Schemas in Reading | p. 19 |
| Schemas and Transactions | p. 21 |
| Pragmatics: Situational, Social, and Cultural Factors in Reading | p. 24 |
| Transactions Within the Language of the Text: Grammatical Signals | p. 27 |
| Surface Versus Deep Structure | p. 29 |
| Contrasting Models of Reading and Learning to Read | p. 32 |
| Comprehending Language in Reading | |
| A skills View of Reading and Learning to Read | |
| A Transactional, Sociopsycholinguistic View of Reading and Learning to Read | |
| For Further Exploration | p. 38 |
| Contexts and Strategies in the Reading Process | p. 41 |
| The Varieties of Context: An Overview | p. 41 |
| Context Beyond the Sentence and the Text | p. 44 |
| Using Context to Determine Meaning and Acquire Vocabulary | |
| Using Context to Identify Words | |
| Context Within the Sentence | p. 49 |
| Language Cues and Reading Strategies | p. 52 |
| Context in Reading: Review and Preview | p. 54 |
| For Further Exploration | p. 57 |
| What Miscues Tell Us About Reading and Readers: Reciprocal Insights | p. 61 |
| Reading Proficiency and the Use of Context | p. 62 |
| Miscues on Basic Sight Words | |
| Constructing Meaning and Reconstructing Text | |
| Good Versus Less Proficient Readers' Use of Context | |
| Why Not Word Identification? | p. 71 |
| Words as Symbols | |
| Constructing Meaning Without All the Words | |
| Constructing Meaning and Forgetting the Words | |
| Implications for Understanding Dialect Miscues | p. 74 |
| Revaluing Readers | p. 77 |
| Review and Beyond | p. 80 |
| For Further Exploration | p. 81 |
| Word Perception in the Reading Process | p. 88 |
| The Eyes and the Brain | p. 89 |
| Parts of Words at Work | p. 91 |
| Activity 1 | |
| Activity 2 | |
| Activity 3 | |
| Parts of Words in Review | |
| How We Perceive Words | p. 94 |
| Activity 1 | |
| Activity 2 | |
| Syllables: A Perceptually Salient Unit | |
| More on Reading by Analogy | p. 99 |
| The Role of Phonics Rules in the Reading Process | p. 101 |
| Word Parts and Word Perception in Review | p. 104 |
| Eye Movement and Eye Fixation Studies and the Perception of Words | p. 105 |
| Popular Claims by Oft-Cited Researchers | |
| Eye Fixation Research | |
| Proficient Reading: ôFlowö Rather than ôFluencyö | p. 110 |
| Toward a More Complete Model of the Reading Process | p. 111 |
| For Further Exploration | p. 116 |
| Understanding What Miscues Can Tell Us About Readers' Strategies | p. 120 |
| What We Can Learn by Analyzing Miscues | p. 121 |
| Miscue Markings | p. 122 |
| Substitution | |
| Insertion | |
| Omission | |
| Partial | |
| Reversal | |
| Correction | |
| Unsuccessful Attempt at Correction | |
| Abandoning a Correct Response | |
| Repetition | |
| Pause | |
| Sounding Out | |
| Mumble | |
| Miscues That Reflect Good Strategies | p. 125 |
| Miscues That Reflect Good Prediction | |
| Miscues Involving Pronouns and Function Words | |
| Miscues That Reflect Readers' Language Patterns | |
| Immature Speech Pattern | |
| Ethnic, Social, or Regional Dialect | |
| ESL-Related and EFL-Related Miscues | |
| Miscues That Result from Monitoring Comprehension | |
| Restructurings | |
| Regressions to Correct | |
| Repetitions and Pauses | |
| Miscues That Suggest Inefficient Reading | p. 133 |
| Overcorrection of Miscues | |
| Miscues That Suggest Ineffective Reading | p. 135 |
| The Use of Graphic Cues in Relation to Other Cues | p. 136 |
| Effective Use of Graphic Cues Along with Other Cues | |
| Underuse of Graphic Cues | |
| Overuse of Graphic Cues and Underuse of Other Cues | |
| Related but Different Approaches to Miscue Analysis | p. 138 |
| Miscue Analysis in the Goodman Tradition | |
| Crucial Differences Between Miscue Analysis and Running Records | |
| For Further Exploration | p. 144 |
| Analyzing Miscues and Looking for Patterns | p. 155 |
| Coding the Miscues | |
| Analyzing, Coding, and Interpreting the Data from Tony's Miscues | p. 163 |
| Analyzing and Coding Tony's Miscues | |
| Interpretation of Tony's Miscue Patterns | |
| Another Way of Coding Tony's Miscues | |
| Marking Miscues for Coding | p. 168 |
| How to Mark Miscues on the Selection Copy | |
| General Principles and Procedures for Coding Miscues | p. 170 |
| Did the miscue reflect the speaker's ordinary speech patterns? | |
| Did the miscue go with the grammar and meaning of what came before? | |
| Did the miscue go with the grammar and meaning of what followed? | |
| Did the miscue leave the essential meaning of the sentence intact? | |
| Was the miscue corrected? | |
| Was the miscue graphically similar? | |
| Was the sentence, as the reader finally left it, semantically acceptable ivithin the whole original selection that was read? | |
| Alternative Miscue Analysis Procedures and Forms | p. 175 |
| Analyzing Jay's Miscues | p. 179 |
| Interpretation of Jay's Miscue Patterns | |
| For Further Exploration | p. 183 |
| Developing a Reader Profile: From Assessment to Instruction | p. 184 |
| The Reading Interview and the First Session | p. 185 |
| The Reading Interview | |
| Preparing for and Conducting the First Session | |
| Recording the Data from the Interview | |
| Preparing for and Conducting the Second Session | p. 191 |
| Preparing for the Reading | |
| Preparing for the Retelling and Extended Discussion | |
| Preparing to Ask Questions About a Story | |
| Conducting the Oral Reading and Retelling | |
| Discussion | |
| Recording the Retelling Data | |
| Recording the Miscues on the Selection Copy | |
| Coding the Miscues and Analyzing Patterns | |
| Developing a Reader Profile: Tangling with the Messiness of Reality | p. 200 |
| The Reading Intervieiu | |
| The Retelling and Discussion | |
| Miscues, Miscue Patterns, and Reading Strategies | |
| An Instructional Plan | |
| Additional Forms for Recording Data | p. 208 |
| Other Aspects of a Reading Portfolio and Profile | p. 211 |
| For Further Exploration | p. 211 |
| Revaluing Readers, Retrospective Miscue Analysis, and Other Strategies for Helping Readers | p. 212 |
| Phonics, Words, and Reading | p. 213 |
| Efficient Reading and Fluency | p. 214 |
| Revaluing Readers | p. 215 |
| Erica: From Analysis to Assistance | p. 216 |
| Analyzing Erica's Miscues | |
| Helping Erica Revalue Herself as a Reader | |
| Retrospective Miscue Analysis | p. 221 |
| Teachers Choosing the Miscues for Discussion | |
| Readers Selecting Their Own Miscues for Discussion | |
| Retrospective Miscue Analysis with Pairs or Groups | |
| The ôThink-Aloudö Strategy | p. 226 |
| Helping Readers Develop Needed Concepts, Vocabulary, and Strategies | p. 227 |
| Extra Help Through Shared Reading and Constructive Reading Strategies | p. 228 |
| For Further Exploration | p. 230 |
| Appendix to Chapter 9: Matching Instniction to Readers' Varied Needs | p. 231 |
| Notes | p. 239 |
| References | p. 243 |
| Index | p. 271 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |