CONTENTS

Preface

SECTION 1 CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSIS

Chapter 1 WRITERS AND THEIR SOURCES

Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument

Responses to Sources

Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address”

The Response to Content

The Analytic Response

The Judgment or Evaluation Response

The Research Response

Deborah Tannen, “Who Does the Talking Here?”

Active Reading: Use Your Mind!

Guidelines for Active Reading

Richard Morin, “Politi... MOREcal Ads and the Voters They Attract”

Understanding Your Sources

Writing Summaries

Guidelines for Writing Summaries

Acknowledging Sources Informally

References to People

References to Sources

Joel Achenbach, “The Future Is Now”

Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide for Form and Style

Reasons for Using Quotation Marks

A Brief Guide to Quoting

For Reading and Analysis

Howard Gardner, “The End of Literacy? Don’t Stop

Reading”

Azar Nafisi, “Words of War”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 2 RESPONDING TO SOURCES: ANALYZING AND

EVALUATING

Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker

Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source

Who is the Author?

What is the Occasion That Has Led to the Work?

What type of source—or genre—is it?

What Is the Author’s Primary Purpose in Writing?

What Are the Author’s Sources of Information?

Analyzing the Style of a Source

Denotative and Connotative Word Choice

Tone

Sentence Structure

Metaphors

Organization and Examples

Repetition

Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony

Dave Barry, “Remote Control”

Writing about Style

Understanding Your Purpose and Audience

Planning the Essay

Drafting the Style Analysis

A Checklist for Revision

Ellen Goodman, “In Praise of a Snail’s Pace”

Student Essay (on Goodman’s essay)

Analyzing Two or More Sources

Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay

Kent Garber, “Eyeing the Oil Under the Gulf”

Bob Keefe, “National Debate: Weighing Advances vs.

Fears”

For Reading and Analysis

Andrew Vachss, “Watch Your Language”

George Orwell, “A Hanging”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

SECTION 2 THE WORLD OF ARGUMENT

Chapter 3 UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARGUMENT

Characteristics of Argument

Argument Is Conversation with a Goal

Argument Debates an Arguable Issue

Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence

Argument Incorporates Values

Argument Recognizes a Topic’s Complexity

The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle

Ethos (About the Writer/Speaker)

Logos (About the Logic of the Argument)

Pathos (About Appeals to the Audience)

Karios (About the Occasion or Situation)

The Language of Argument

Facts

Inferences

Judgments

Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, “Your Brain Lies to You”

The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin

Claims

Grounds (or Data or Evidence)

Warrants

Backing

Qualifiers

Rebuttals

Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments

Les Schobert, “Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”

Using Toulmin’s Terms as a Guide to Organizing Arguments

For Debate

T. R. Reid, “Let My Teenager Drink”

Joseph A. Califano, Jr., ‘Don’t Make Teen Drinking

Easier”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 4 WRITING EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTS

Know Your Audience

Who Is My Audience?

What Will My Audience Know about My Topic?

Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?

How Should I Address My Audience?

Understand Your Writing Purpose

What Type (Genre) of Work Am I Preparing?

What Is My Goal?

Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me?

Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support

Selecting a Topic

Drafting a Claim

Listing Possible Grounds

Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective

Planning the Approach

Draft Your Argument

Guidelines for Drafting

Revise Your Draft

Rewriting

Editing

A Few Words about Words and Tone

Proofreading

A Checklist for Revision

For Analysis and Debate

Tunhu Varadarajan, “That Feeling of Being under

Suspicion”

Colbert I. King, “You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 5 LEARNING MORE ABOUT ARGUMENT: INDUCTION,

DEDUCTION, ANALOGY, AND LOGICAL

FALLACIES

Induction

Mark A. Norell and Xu Xing, “The Varieties of

Tyrannosaurs”

Deduction

“The Declaration of Independence”

Analogy

Zbigniew Brzezinski, “War and Football”

Logical Fallacies

Causes of Illogic

Fallacies of Oversimplifying (Problems with Logos)

Fallacies of Avoiding the Issue (Problems with Ethos or

Pathos)

For Analysis

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments”

Gregory Rodriguez, “Mongrel America”

Chapter 6 READING, ANALYZING, AND USING VISUALS AND

STATISTICS IN ARGUMENT

Responding to Visual Arguments

Guidelines for Analyzing Photographs

Guidelines for Analyzing Political Cartoons

Guidelines for Analyzing Advertisements

Reading Graphics: Diagrams, Tables, Charts, and Graphs

Differences among Graphics

Guidelines for Reading Graphic

The Uses of Authority and Statistics

Judging Authorities

Understanding and Evaluating Statistics

Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics

Writing the Investigative Argument

Gathering and Analyzing Evidence

Planning and Drafting the Essay

Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument

Analyzing the Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument

Preparing Graphics

A Checklist for Revision

Student Essay: “Buying Time” by Garrett Berger

For Reading and Analysis

Joe Navarro, “Every Body’s Talking: Nonverbals Speak

Loudly”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

SECTION 3 STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENRE

Chapter 7 DEFINITION ARGUMENTS

Defining as Part of an Argument

When Defining Is the Argument

Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition

Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments

Preparing a Definition Argument

A Checklist for Revision

Student Essay: “Laura Mullins, “Paragon or Parasite?”

For Analysis and Debate

Susan Jacoby, “Best Is the New Worst”

Robin Givhan, “Glamour, That Certain Something”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 8 EVALUATION ARGUMENTS

Types of Evaluation Arguments

Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument

Preparing an Evaluation Argument

A Checklist for Revision

Student Review: Ian Habel, “Winchester’s Alchemy: Two

Men and a Book”

Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay

Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation

Annotated Refutation: David Sadker, “Gender Games”

For Analysis and Debate

Robert H. Bork, “Addicted to Health”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 9 THE POSITION PAPER: CLAIMS OF VALUE

Characteristics of the Position Paper

Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value

Preparing a Position Paper

A Checklist for Revision

For Analysis and Debate

Joseph Bernstein, “Animal Rights v. Animal Research: A

Modest Proposal”

Timothy Sprigge, “A Reply to Joseph Bernstein”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 10 ARGUMENTS ABOUT CAUSE

Characteristics of Causal Arguments

Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes

Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments

Preparing a Causal Argument

A Checklist for Revision

For Analysis and Debate

Lester C. Thurow, “Why Women Are Paid Less Than Men”

Gloria Steinem, “Supremacy Crimes”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

Chapter 11 PRESENTING PROPOSALS: THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION

ARGUMENT

Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments

Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments

James Q. Wilson, ‘A New Strategy for the War on Drugs”

Preparing a Problem/Solution Argument

A Checklist for Revision

For Analysis and Debate

Irshed Manji, “When Denial Can Kill”

Jonathan Swift, “A Modest Proposal”

Suggestions for Discussion and Writing

SECTION 4 THE RESEARCHED AND FORMALLY

DOCUMENTED ARGUMENT

Chapter 12 LOCATING, EVALUATING, AND PREPARING TO USE

SOURCES

Selecting a Good Topic

What Type of Research Essay Am I Preparing?

Who Is My Audience?

How Can I Select a Good Topic?

What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?

Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal

Preparing a Working Bibliography

Basic Form for Books

Basic Form for Articles

Locating Sources

The Book Catalog

The Reference Collection

Electronic Databases

The Internet

Field Research

Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility

Guidelines for Evaluating Sources

Chapter 13 WRITING THE RESEARCHED ESSAY

Avoiding Plagiarism

What Is Common Knowledge?

Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Misleading Readers

Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources

Organizing the Paper

The Formal Outline

Drafting the Paper

Revising the Paper: A Checklist

The Completed Paper

Sample Student Research Essay

Chapter 14 FORMAL DOCUMENTATION: MLA STYLE, APA STYLE

OF DOCUMENTATION

MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation

MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page

APA In-Text Documentation

APA Citations for a “References” Page

SECTION 5 A COLLECTION OF READINGS

Chapter 15 THE MEDIA: IMAGE AND REALITY

Derrick Speight, “Of Losers and Moles: You Think Reality

TV Just Writes Itself?”)

Shelby Steele, “Notes from the Hip-Hop Underground”

Stephen Hunter, “Leading Men: Looking at Presidential

Contenders Through a Hollywood Lens”

Peggy Noonan, “The Blogs Must Be Crazy”

Katherine Ellison, “What’s Up, Doc? A Bloody Outrage,

That’s What”

Jean Kilbourne, “In Your Face . . . All over the Place!”

Michelle Cottle, “Turning Goys into Girls”

Chapter 16 THE ENVIRONMENT: HOW GREEN DO WE GO?

Tom Toles, Cartoon on Global Warming

Wecansolveit.org ad

NRDC “Snake Oil” ad

Michael Novacek, “The Sixth Extinction: It Happened to

Him [Tyrannosaurus Rex]. It’s Happening to You.”

James Howard Kunstler, “Wake Up, America. We’re

Driving Toward Disaster”

Charles Krauthammer, “Carbon Chastity”

Wired Magazine, “Inconvenient Truths: Get Ready to

Rethink

What It Means to Be Green”

Alex Steffen, “Counterpoint: Dangers of Focusing Solely on

Climate Change”

Anna Quindlen, “Don’t Mess with Mother”

Chapter 17 SPORTS TALK—SPORTS BATTLES

David Oliver Relin, “Who’s Killing Kids’ Sports?”

Gordon Gee, “My Plan to Put the College Back in College

Sports”

Sally Jenkins, “Education, Athletics: The Odd Couple”

William Saletan, “The Beam in Your Eye: If Steroids Are

Cheating, Why Isn’t LASIK?”

Michael Sokolove , “To the Victor, the Drug Test”

NATURE, Editorial, “A Sporting Chance”

Rosanna Tomiuk, “Bridging the Human Divide”

Chapter 18 EDUCATION: WHAT’S HAPPENING ON CAMPUS?

Ted Gup, “So Much for the Information Age”

Barbara Ehrenreich, “Guys Just Want to Have Fun”

David Cole, “Laptops vs. Learning”

Fred von Lohmann, “Copyright Silliness on Campus”

Katha Pollitt, “Sweatin’ to the Koran?”

Harry Lewis, “A Separate and Unequal Exercise”

Clive Thompson, “I’m So Totally, Digitally Close to You”

Chapter 19 CENSORSHIP AND FREE SPEECH DEBATES

Evan Goldstein, “Smoking in the Movies”

Rich Tomaselli and T. L. Stanley, “Phillip Morris: No

Smoking in Movies”

Mark Mathabane, “If You Assign My Book, Don’t Censor It”

Ken Dautrich and John Bare, “Why the First Amendment

(and Journalism) Might Be in Trouble”

Andrew J. McClurg, “Online Lessons on Unprotected Sex”

Ann Applebaum, “Let a Thousand Filters Bloom”

David McHardy Reid, “Business Is Business”

Chapter 20 LAWS AND RIGHTS: CURRENT AND ENDURING

DEBATES

A Look at the Supreme Court Handgun Decision:

2nd amendment cartoon—Morin, MIAMI HERALD

“The Court’s Handgun Common Sense”: Letters to the

Editor Michael Hoxie and Molly Schindler

Arthur Kellerman, “Guns for Safety? Dream on, Scalia”

Linda J. Collier, “Adult Crime, Adult Time”

Richard Cohen, “Kids Who Kill Are Still Kids”

Michael Loud, “Tying Our Hands”

Richard E. Mezo, “Why It Was Called ‘Water Torture’”

Darius Rejali, “5 Myths about Torture and Truth”

Chapter 21 MARRIAGE AND GENDER ISSUES: THE DEBATES

CONTINUE

Linda J. Waite, “Social Science Finds: ‘Marriage Matters’”

Stuart Taylor, Jr., “Gay Marriage by Judicial Decree”

Richard Just, “Justice Delivered”

Michael Kinsley, “Abolish Marriage”

Chong-Suk Han, “Gay Asian-American Male Seeks Home”

Judith D. Auerbach, “The Overlooked Victims of AIDS”

Leonard Sax, “Why Gender Matters”

Chapter 22 GLOBALISM: HOW DO WE FIT IN?

Thomas L. Friedman, “Understanding Globalization”

David Brooks, “The Cognitive Age”

David Rothkoff, “They’re Global Citizens. They’re Hugely

Rich.And They Pull the Strings.”

David Reiff, “Their Hearts and Minds?”

Pranab Bardhan, “Inequality in India and China: Is

Globalization to Blame?”

Robert J. Samuelson, “Rx for Global Poverty”

Fareed Zacaria, “The Post-American World”

Chapter 23 THE AMERICAN DREAM: REALITY, MYTH, GOAL?

Eugene Robinson, “Tattered Dream”

Firoozeh Duman, “The ‘F Word’”

E. J. Dionne, “The Engaged Generation”

A Look at the Immigration Debate:

Mae N. Nagi, “No Human Being Is Illegal”

Marcela Sanchez, “Our Sad Neglect of Mexico”

Amy Chua, “Immigrate, Assimilate”

Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream”

APPENDIX