Lynn Quitman Troyka, Adjunct Professor of English in the MA Program in Language and Literature at the City College (CCNY) of the City University of New York (CUNY), taught freshman English and basic writing for many years at Queensborough Community College. Dr. Troyka is a past chair of the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC); the College Section of the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE); and the Writing Division of the Modern Language Association (MLA). She has won many awards for teaching, scholarship, and service, and has conducted hundreds of faculty workshops about teaching writing and its relation to college-level reading.

Doug Hesse is Professor of English and Executive Director of Writing at the University of Denver, one of only thirty writing programs to receive the CCCC Certificate of Excellence. Dr. Hesse is a past chair of the CCCC, the nation’s largest association of college writing instructors. A past president, as well, of the Council of Writing Program Administrators (WPA), Dr. Hesse edited, WPA: Writing Program Administration. He has served on the NCTE executive committee, chaired the MLA Division on Teaching as a Profession, and served on the MLA Committee on Contingent Labor.  Author of nearly sixty articles and book chapters, he has been named University Distinguished Scholar at the University of Denver.

1       Ten Top Tips for College Writers 

2       Ten Troublesome Mistakes Writers Make 

            Sentence fragments 

            Comma splices and run-ons

            Subject-verb disagreement

            Pronoun-antecedent disagreement

            Unclear pronoun reference

            Sentence shifts

            Misplaced modifiers

            Comma errors

            Apostrophe errors

3       Thinking Critically 

a          Critical thinking            

b          Rhetoric and the appeals           

c          Inductive and deductive reasoning         

d          Logical fallacies           

4       Reading Texts and Visuals Critically  

a          Critical reading 

b          Steps for critical reading           

c          Close reading techniques           

d          Reading-writing connection       

e          Critical reading of visuals          

Writing Processes

5       Planning Your Writing           

a          Writing processes         

b          Thinking like a writer    

c          Planning a writing portfolio        

d          Purposes for writing     

e          Audience         

f           Developing ideas          

g          Thesis statement          

h          Outlining          

6       Drafting, Revising, Editing, and Proofreading          

a          First draft         

b          Overcoming writer’s block        

c          Revising           

d          Revising with thesis statements and titles           

e          Revising for style and tone        

f           Editing             

g          Editing software           

h          Proofreading    

7       Composing Paragraphs         

a          Understanding paragraphs         

b          Introductory paragraphs            

c          Topic sentences           

d          Supporting details         

e          Coherent paragraphs    

f           Strategies for body paragraphs  

g          Concluding paragraphs  

8       Designing Documents 

a          Understanding document design

b          Principles of design       

c          Text    

d          Headings         

e          Photographs     

f           Other visuals    

g          Page layout

Frames for College Writing

9       Personal Essays         

a          Understanding personal essays  

b          Generating ideas and revising    

c          Frame for a personal essay       

d          Sentence and paragraph guides 

e          Student essay example  

10     Informative Essays    

a          Understanding informative essays          

b          Generating ideas and revising    

c          Frame for an informative essay 

d          Sentence and paragraph guides 

e          Student essay example  

11     Essays Analyzing a Text        

a          Understanding rhetorical and content analysis  

b          Generating ideas and revising    

c          Frame for a textual analysis      

d          Sentence and paragraph guides 

e          Student essay example  

12     Argument       

a          Understanding argument           

b          Generating ideas and revising    

c          Frames for argument 

d          Sentence and paragraph guides 

e          Student essay example  

13     Proposal or Solution Essays 

a          Understanding proposal/solution essays  

b          Generating ideas and revising    

c          Frame for a proposal/solution essay       

d          Sentence and paragraph guides 

e          Student essay example  

14     Evaluations 

a          Understanding evaluations         

b          Generating ideas and revising    

c          Frame for an evaluation

d          Sentence and paragraph guides 

e          Student essay example  

Source-based Writing

15     Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing                 

a          Integrating sources       

b          Quoting sources           

c          Paraphrasing sources    

d          Summarizing sources    

e          Verbs for integrating sources    

16     Avoiding Plagiarism              

a          Understanding plagiarism          

b          Avoiding plagiarism      

c          Avoiding plagiarism of Internet sources  

d          What not to document               

e          Documenting ideas       

17     Writing about Readings         

a          Typical assignments      

b          Summary essays          

c          Response essays          

d          Analysis or interpretation essays

e          Synthesis essays           

Research Writing

18      Starting a Research Project   

a          Understanding research

b          Choosing a topic           

c          Developing a research question 

d          Types of research papers          

19      Developing a Search Strategy           

a          Understanding search strategies

b          Understanding sources  

c          Doing field research     

d          Choosing a documentation style

e          Using a research log

f           Creating a working bibliography 

g          Using documentation software  

h          Creating an annotated bibliography        

I           Taking content notes     

j           Planning a research project       

20     Finding Published Sources    

a          Understanding published sources           

b          Using libraries  

c          Search engines v. databases      

d          Using search engines and databases      

e          Using subject directories           

f           Finding books   

g          Finding periodicals        

h          Using reference works 

i           Finding images 

j           Finding government documents  

21     Evaluating Sources 

a          Location of a source     

b          Credibility of the publisher         

c          Credibility of the author 

d          Sufficiency/accuracy of evidence          

e          Other critical thinking tests        

f           Combining evaluation strategies 

22     Synthesizing Sources in Research Papers    

a          Understanding the synthesis of sources

b          Relationships between sources  

c          Sources about different subtopics?         

d          Sources that agree        

e          Sources that partly agree          

f           Sources that disagree

g          One source more specific than the other

23     Drafting and Revising a Research Paper      

a          Writing process for research papers      

b          Drafting a research paper?       

c          Frames for research papers 

d          Argumentative research paper frame     

e          Revising a research paper         

f           Editing and formating a research paper  

MLA Documentation

24      MLA In-Text Citations         

a          MLA documentation style         

b          MLA in-text parenthetical documentation           

c          Additional MLA guidelines for parenthetical citations      

25      MLA Works-Cited List        

a          MLA guidelines for a Works Cited list   

b          MLA guidelines for sources in a Works Cited list           

c          MLA guidelines for content or bibliographic notes           

26     A Student’s MLA Research Paper      

a          MLA format guidelines for research papers       

b          A student’s MLA research paper  

APA, CMS, and CSE Documentation

27     APA In-Text Citations  

a          APA documentation style         

b          APA in-text parenthetical citations        

c          APA guidelines for in-text citations        

d          APA guidelines for writing an abstract 

e          APA guidelines for content notes 

28      APA References List            

a          APA guidelines for a references list      

b          APA guidelines for sources in a references list   

29     A Student’s APA Research Paper       

a          APA format guidelines for research papers        

b          A student’s APA research paper  

30     CMS Documentation      

a          CMS documentation           

b          CM guidelines for bibliographic notes     

31     CSE Documentation     

a          CSE documentation          

b          CSE guidelines for sources in a list of references

Grammar Basics

32     Parts of Speech and Parts of Sentences        

Parts of Speech 

a          Nouns  

b          Pronouns         

c          Verbs  

d          Verbals

e          Adjectives        

f           Adverbs           

g          Prepositions     

h          Conjunctions    

i           Interjections     

Parts of Sentences     

j           Subjects and predicates 

k          Direct and indirect objects         

l           Complements, modifiers, and appositives

m         Phrases           

n          Clauses

o          Sentence types 

33     Verbs 

a          How verbs function      

b          Forms of main verbs     

c          Auxiliary verbs 

d          Using lie or lay

e          Verb tenses     

f           Indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods     

g          “Voice” in verbs           

34     Subject-Verb Agreement      

a          What subject-verb agreement is

b          Ignoring words between a subject and its verb    

c          Verbs when subjects are connected by and       

d          Verbs when subjects are connected by or          

e          Verbs with indefinite pronouns  

f           Verbs with who, which, and that          

g          Verbs with one of the . . . who 

h          Other complicated cases           

35     Pronouns: Agreement, Reference, and Case           

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement           

a          What pronoun-antecedent agreement is 

b          Pronouns when and connects antecedents         

c          Pronouns when or connects antecedents           

d          Pronouns when antecedents are indefinite pronouns        

e          Pronouns when antecedents are collective nouns

Pronoun Reference    

f           Avoiding unclear pronoun reference      

g          Pronouns with it, that, this, and which  

h          Using you for direct address     

i           Using who, which, and that      

Pronoun Case

j           What pronoun case is   

k          Personal pronouns        

l           Selecting the correct case         

m         Case when and connects pronouns       

n          Matching case in appositives     

o          Subjective case after linking verbs         

p          Using who, whoever, whom, and whomever     

q          Case after than and as 

r           Case with infinitives and -ing words      

s           Case for -self pronouns

36     Adjectives and Adverbs        

a          Differences between adjectives and adverbs      

b          Double negatives          

c          Adjectives or adverbs after linking verbs

d          Comparative and superlative forms        

e          Nouns as modifiers       

Sentences and Words

37     Sentence Fragments  

a          Recognizing fragments  

b          Correcting fragments that start with a subordinating word           

c          Correcting fragments that lack a verb                

d          Correcting fragments that lack a subject

e          Correcting fragments in a compound predicate   

f           Intentional fragments    

38     Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences        

a          What comma splices and run-on sentences are   

b          Correcting comma splices and run-on sentences 

39     Problems with Sentence Shifts          

a          Consistent person and number   

b          Consistent subject and voice      

c          Consistent mood           

d          Consistent verb tense    

e          Consistent direct and indirect discourse  

f           Sentences with mixed parts       

g          Ellipticals and comparisons        

40     Misplaced Modifiers 

a          Misplaced modifiers      

b          Squinting modifiers       

c          Split infinitives   0

d          Modifiers that disrupt a sentence           

e          Dangling modifiers        

41     Conciseness   39

a          Writing concisely          

b          Avoiding redundancies  

c          Avoiding wordy sentence structures      

d          Combining sentence elements    

e          Verbs and conciseness 

42     Coordination and Subordination         395

a          Coordination: Expressing equivalent ideas           

b          Coordination: Avoiding problems            

c          Subordination: Expressing nonequivalent ideas    

d          Subordination: Avoiding problems          

43     Sentence Style           

a          Understanding parallelism         

b          Avoiding faulty parallelism        

c          Parallelism with conjunctions     

d          Strengthening a message with parallelism           

e          Understanding sentence variety 

f           How subjects affect emphasis   

g          Adding modifiers          

h          Inverting standard word order   

44     Word Meanings and Word Impact    

a          Words and their meanings         

b          Exact words     

c          Increasing my vocabulary         

d          Suitable language          

e          Figurative language       

f           Clichés

g          Effect of tone in writing

45     Using Inclusive Language     

a          Gender in English         

b          Gender-neutral language           

46     Spelling          

a          Plurals 

b          Suffixes           

c          The ie, ei rule  

d          Homonyms and other frequently confused words

e          Other spelling errors     

Punctuation and Mechanics

47     Commas         

a          When to use commas   

b          With introductory words

c          Before coordinating conjunctions           

d          With a series    

e          Between adjectives      

f           With nonrestrictive and restrictive elements        

g          With quoted words       

h          Other word groups to set off     

i           In dates, names, places, addresses, letter format, and numbers    

j           Preventing misreadings 

k          Avoiding other comma errors    

48     Semicolons     

a          Instead of periods         

b          Instead of commas       

49     Colons

a          Lists, appositives, or quotations  

b          Between sentences      

c          Conventional formats    

50     Apostrophes   444

a          Possessive nouns          

b          Possessive indefinite pronouns   

c          Possessive pronouns: hers, his, its, ours, yours, and theirs        

d          Verbs that end in -s      

e          Contractions     

f           Letters, numerals, symbols, and terms    

51     Quotation Marks       

a          Short direct quotations  

b          Long direct quotations   

c          Spoken words  

d          Titles   

e          Terms, translations, and irony    

f           When quotation marks are wrong          

g          With other punctuation  

52     Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points  

a          Periods

b          Question marks

c          Exclamation points        

53     Other Punctuation Marks     

a          Dashes

b          Parentheses     

c          Brackets          

d          Ellipsis points    

e          Slashes

54     Hyphens         

a          End of a line     

b          Prefixes and suffixes    

c          Compound words         

d          Spelled-out numbers     

55     Capitals          

a          “First” words   

b          Quotations       

c          Nouns and adjectives    

56     Italics (Underlining)  

a          Italics versus quotation marks    

b          For emphasis    

57     Abbreviations

a          Times and amounts       

b          People’s names

c          Jr., Sr., II, III, 2nd, 3rd           

d          Names of countries, organizations, and government agencies       

e          Addresses        

f           Using etc. and other Latin abbreviations 

58     Numbers        

a          Spelled-out numbers     

b          Dates, addresses, times, and other numbers        

Tips for Multilingual Writers

A Message from Lynn Troyka and Doug Hesse to Multilingual Writers

59     Singulars and Plurals 

a          Count and noncount nouns        

b          Determiners with singular and plural nouns         

c          Nouns used as adjectives          

60     Articles          

a          Singular count nouns     

b          Count and noncount nouns        

c          Using the with proper nouns      

61     Word Order   

a          Standard and inverted word orders        

b          Placing adjectives         

c          Placing adverbs

62     Prepositions   

a          Using in, at, and on to show time and place       

b          Phrasal verbs   

c          Passive voice   

d          Expressions      

63     Gerunds and Infinitives         

a          Gerund objects 

b          Infinitive objects           

c          Using stop, remember, or forget          

d          Sense verbs     

e          Choosing between -ing and -ed adjectives         

64     Modal Auxiliary Verbs          

a          How modals differ from be, do, and have         

b          Expressing ability, necessity, advisability, or probability    

c          Expressing preference, plan, or past habit           

S pecific Writing Situations

65     An Overview of Writing Across the Curriculum      

a          Writing across the curriculum      

b          Audience and Purpose 

66     Writing About the Humanities                      

a          What the humanities are           

b          Types of papers           

c          Documentation styles    

67     Writing About Literature        

a          What literature is           

b          Types of papers

c           Rules for writing about literature 

d          Documentation styles    

e          A student’s literature essay        

68     Writing in the Social Sciences

a          What the social sciences are       

b          Types of papers

c           Documentation styles    

69     Writing in the Natural Sciences          

a          What the natural sciences are     

b          Types of papers

c           Documentation style      

70     Making Presentations 

a          What oral presentations are       

b          Focusing the presentation           

c           Adapting for the listening audience          

d          Organizing a presentation          

e          Incorporating multimedia           

f           Presentation styles        

g          Collaborative presentations        

71     Writing for Digital Environments       

a          What digital environments are    

b          Blogs   

c           Wikis    

d          Video and sound           

72     Writing for Work        

a          Workplace writing

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