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Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

ISBN: 9780205264759 | 0205264751
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 8/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
A main text for courses focusing specifically on qualitative research methods or a supplementary text for standard research methods courses. Chapters on seven different data collection strategies. Trying It Out exercises. Detailed description of focus group interviewing.
Prefacexi
1 Introduction
1(14)
Quantitative versus Qualitative Schools of Thought
2(2)
... MORE
Triangulation in Research
4(2)
Qualitative Strategies: Defining an Orientation
6(2)
From a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
8(2)
Why Use Qualitative Methods?
10(1)
A Plan of Presentation
11(2)
REFERENCES
13(2)
2 Designing Qualitative Research
15(16)
Ideas and Theory
15(3)
Literature Review
18(5)
The Two-Card Method
20(3)
Framing Research Problems
23(1)
Operationalization and Conceptualization
24(3)
Designing Projects
27(1)
Data Collection and Organization
27(2)
Dissemination
29(1)
TRYING IT OUT
29(1)
REFERENCES
30(1)
3 Ethical Issues
31(26)
Research Ethics in Historical Perspective
32(4)
From Guidelines to Law: Regulations on the Research Process
36(1)
Institutional Review Boards
37(7)
IRBs and Their Duties
37(3)
Clarifying the Role of IRBs
40(1)
Active versus Passive Consent
41(2)
Membership Criteria for IRBs
43(1)
Ethical Codes
44(1)
Some Common Ethical Concerns in Behavioral Research
44(2)
Physical and Ethical Dangers in Covert Research
46(1)
Informed Consent and Implied Consent
47(1)
Confidentiality and Anonymity
48(2)
Keeping Identifying Records
49(1)
Strategies for Safeguarding Confidentiality
49(1)
Securing the Data
50(1)
Objectivity and Careful Research Design
50(3)
TRYING IT OUT
53(1)
REFERENCES
54(3)
4 A Dramaturgical Look at Interviewing
57(43)
Dramaturgy and Interviewing
58(1)
Types of Interviews
59(4)
The Standardized Interview
60(1)
The Unstandardized Interview
61(1)
The Semistandardized Interview
61(2)
The Interview Schedule
63(1)
Schedule Development
64(4)
Question Order, Content, and Style
65(3)
Communicating Effectively
68(1)
A Few Common Problems in Question Formulation
69(1)
Affectively Worded Questions
69(1)
The Double-Barreled Question
70(1)
Complex Questions
70(1)
Question Sequencing
70(1)
Pretesting the Schedule
70(1)
Long versus Short Interviews
71(2)
Conducting an Interview: A Natural or an Unnatural Communication?
73(1)
The Dramaturgical Interview
74(8)
Interviewer Roles and Rapport
75(4)
The Interviewer as a Self-Conscious Performer
79(1)
Social Interpretations and the Interviewer
80(2)
The Interviewer's Repertoire
82(6)
Interviewer's Attitudes and Persuading a Subject
85(1)
Developing an Interviewer Repertoire
86(1)
The Ten Commandments of Interviewing
87(1)
Know Your Audience
88(2)
Curtain Calls
90(1)
Analyzing Data Obtained from the Dramaturgical Interview
90(4)
Beginning an Analysis
91(1)
Systematic Filing Systems
91(2)
Short-Answer Sheets
93(1)
Analysis Procedures: A Concluding Remark
93(1)
TRYING IT OUT
94(1)
NOTES
95(1)
REFERENCES
96(4)
5 Focus Group Interviewing
100(20)
What Are Focus Group Interviews?
100(1)
The Evolution of Focus Group Interviews
101(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Group Interviewing
103(6)
Focus Group Interviewing and Face-to-Face Interviewing
104(2)
Focus Group Interviewing and Participant Observation
106(1)
Focus Group Interviewing and Unobtrusive Measures
107(2)
Facilitating Focus Group Dynamics: How Focus Groups Work
109(5)
Confidentiality and Focus Group Interviews
114(2)
Conclusion
116(1)
TRYING IT OUT
116(1)
NOTES
116(1)
REFERENCES
117(3)
6 Ethnographic Field Strategies
120(40)
Accessing a Field Setting: Getting In
123(10)
The Attitude of the Ethnographer
126(1)
The Researcher's Voice
126(4)
Gaining Entry
130(3)
Becoming Invisible
133(5)
Dangers of Invisibility
135(2)
A New Problem in Data Protection: The Case of Mario Brajuha
137(1)
Other Dangers during Ethnographic Research
138(2)
Watching, Listening, and Learning
140(13)
How to Learn: What to Watch and Listen For
142(3)
Field Notes
145(6)
Analyzing Ethnographic Data
151(2)
Disengaging: Getting Out
153(1)
TRYING IT OUT
154(1)
NOTE
155(1)
REFERENCES
156(4)
7 Sociometry
160(17)
What Is Sociometry?
160(1)
The History and Purpose of Sociometric Strategies
161(3)
How Sociometry Works
164(1)
Positive Peer Nominations
164(1)
Negative Peer Nominations
164(1)
Peer Rating Procedures
164(1)
Applications of Sociometric Techniques
165(3)
The Sociogram
168
Mapping and the Creation of Sociograms
171(2)
TRYING IT OUT
173(1)
NOTE
173(2)
REFERENCES
175(2)
8 Unobtrusive Measures in Research
177(21)
Archival Strategies
178(13)
Public Archives
179(9)
Private Archives: Solicited and Unsolicited Documents
188(2)
A Last Remark about Archival Records
190(1)
Physical Erosion and Accretion: Human Traces as Data Sources
191(2)
Erosion Measures
191(1)
Accretion Measures
192(1)
Some Final Remarks about Physical Traces
193(1)
TRYING IT OUT
193(2)
REFERENCES
195(3)
9 Historiography and Oral Traditions
198(14)
What Is Historical Research?
198(3)
Life Histories and Historiography
201(1)
What Are the Data of Historical Researchers?
202(1)
Doing Historiography: Tracing Written History as Data
203(4)
External Criticism
205(1)
Internal Criticism
206(1)
What Are Oral Histories?
207(3)
TRYING IT OUT
210(1)
REFERENCES
210(2)
10 Case Studies
212(11)
The Nature of Case Studies
212(1)
The Individual Case Study
213(3)
The Use of Interview Data
213(1)
The Use of Personal Documents
214(2)
Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Collective Case Studies
216(1)
The Scientific Benefit of Case Studies
217(1)
Objectivity and the Case Studies
217(1)
Generalizability
218(1)
Case Studies of Organizations
218(1)
Case Studies of Communities
219(3)
Data Collection for Community Case Studies
220(1)
Community Groups and Interests
220(2)
TRYING IT OUT
222(1)
REFERENCES
222(1)
11 An Introduction to Content Analysis
223(30)
Content Analysis as a Technique
223(1)
Content Analysis: Quantitative or Qualitative?
224(3)
Manifest versus Latent Content Analysis
225(1)
Blending Manifest and Latent Content Analysis Strategies
226(1)
Communication Components
227(1)
What to Count: Levels and Units of Analysis
228(1)
Sampling Strategies
228(1)
Category Development: Building Grounded Theory
229(7)
What to Count
231(1)
Combinations of Elements
232(1)
Units and Categories
233(2)
Classes and Categories
235(1)
Open Coding
236(2)
Coding Frames
238(5)
A Few More Words on Analytic Induction
240(2)
Interrogative Hypothesis Testing
242(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Content Analysis Process
243(2)
Computers and Qualitative Analysis
245(4)
Word Processors
247(1)
Text Retrievers
247(1)
Textbase Managers
247(1)
Code-and-Retrieve Programs
247(1)
Code-Based Theory Builders
248(1)
Conceptual Network Builders
248(1)
TRYING IT OUT
249(1)
REFERENCES
250(3)
12 Writing Research Papers: Sorting the Noodles from the Soup
253(20)
Identifying the Purpose of the Writing: Arranging the Noodles
253(1)
Delineating a Supportive Structure: Visual Signals for the Reader
254(9)
The Abstract
255(1)
The Introduction
256(1)
Literature Review
256(2)
Methodology
258(5)
Presenting Research Material
263(3)
Disseminating the Research: Professional Meeting and Publications
263(3)
A Word about the Content of Papers and Articles
266(1)
Write It, Rewrite It, Then Write It Again!
267(2)
A Final Note
269(1)
NOTES
270(1)
REFERENCES
270(3)
Name Index273(7)
Subject Index280

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