Rent 9780205198474 | Public Speaking : An Audience-Centered Approach

Summary Table of Contents

Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach brings theory and practice together in an understandable and applicable manner. Its distinctive and popular approach emphasizes the importance of analyzing and considering the audience at every point along the way, with marginal icons highlighting audience-related discussions. This model of public speaking serves as a foundation as the text guides students through the step-by-step process of public speaking, focuses their attention on the importance and dynamics of diverse audiences, and narrows the gap between the classroom and the real world. Book jacket.

Preface	p. xx
Speaking with Confidence	p. 1
Why Study Public Speaking?	p. 2
Empowerment	p. 2
Employment	p. 3
Public Speaking and Conversation	p. 3
Public Speaking Is Planned	p. 4
Public Speaking Is Formal	p. 4
The Roles of Public Speakers and Audiences Are Clearly Defined	p. 4
The Communication Process	... MOREp. 5
Communication as Action	p. 5
Communication as Interaction	p. 6
Communication as Transaction	p. 7
The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking	p. 7
Great Speakers: Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)	p. 8
Public Speaking and Diversity	p. 10
Improving Your Confidence as a Speaker	p. 11
Understand Your Nervousness	p. 11
Build Your Confidence	p. 13
Summary	p. 17
Speaker's Homepage: Managing Your Nervousness	p. 18
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 18
The Audience-Centered Speechmaking Process	p. 23
An Audience-Centered Speechmaking Model	p. 24
Consider Your Audience	p. 25
Select and Narrow Your Topic	p. 26
Who Is the Audience?	p. 26
Great Speakers: Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)	p. 26
What Is the Occasion?	p. 27
What Are My Interests, Talents, and Experiences?	p. 27
Determine Your Purpose	p. 27
Develop Your Central Idea	p. 29
Generate the Main Ideas	p. 29
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions?	p. 29
Can You Think of Several Reasons the Central Idea Is True?	p. 30
Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps?	p. 30
Gather Verbal and Visual Supporting Material	p. 30
Organize Your Speech	p. 32
Sample Outline	p. 32
Rehearse Your Speech	p. 34
Speaker's Homepage: The Power of the Internet	p. 35
Deliver Your Speech	p. 36
Sample Speech: Our Immigration Story by Pao Yang Lee	p. 36
Summary	p. 38
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 38
Ethics and Free Speech	p. 41
Speaking Freely	p. 43
Speaking Ethically	p. 45
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal	p. 45
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning	p. 45
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences	p. 46
Be Honest	p. 46
Great Speakers: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)	p. 47
Avoid Plagiarism	p. 47
Sample Oral Citation	p. 49
Speaker's Homepage: Tips for Ethics and Free Speech	p. 50
Listening Ethically	p. 51
Communicate Your Expectations and Feedback	p. 51
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences	p. 51
Listen Critically	p. 52
Summary	p. 53
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 53
Listening to Speeches	p. 57
Barriers to Effective Listening	p. 58
Information Overload	p. 59
Personal Concerns	p. 59
Outside Distractions	p. 60
Prejudice	p. 60
Differences between Speech Rate and Thought Rate	p. 61
Receiver Apprehension	p. 61
Becoming a Better Listener	p. 62
Adapt to the Speaker's Delivery	p. 63
Listen with Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears	p. 63
Monitor Your Emotional Reaction to a Message	p. 63
Avoid Jumping to Conclusions	p. 63
Be a Selfish Listener	p. 64
Listen for Major Ideas	p. 64
Identify Your Listening Goal	p. 64
Practice Listening	p. 66
Understand Your Listening Style	p. 66
Become an Active Listener	p. 67
Great Speakers: Cesar Chavez (1927-1993)	p. 68
Improving Your Note-Taking Skills	p. 69
Listening and Critical Thinking	p. 70
Separate Facts from Inferences	p. 70
Evaluate the Quality of Evidence	p. 71
Evaluate the Underlying Logic and Reasoning	p. 71
Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches	p. 72
Understanding Criteria for Evaluating Speeches	p. 72
Identifying and Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies	p. 74
Speaker's Homepage: Developing Your Rhetorical Listening Skills	p. 76
Giving Feedback to Others	p. 76
Giving Feedback to Yourself	p. 78
Summary	p. 79
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 79
Analyzing Your Audience	p. 83
Becoming an Audience-Centered Speaker	p. 84
Gather Information about Your Audience	p. 85
Analyze Information about Your Audience	p. 87
Great Speakers: Winston Churchill (1874-1965)	p. 88
Adapt to Your Audience	p. 89
Analyzing Your Audience before You Speak	p. 90
Demographic Audience Analysis	p. 90
Psychological Audience Analysis	p. 97
Situational Audience Analysis	p. 100
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Consider Your Audience	p. 103
Speaker's Homepage: Gathering Information about Your Audience	p. 104
Adapting to Your Audience as You Speak	p. 104
Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues	p. 105
Responding to Nonverbal Cues	p. 105
Strategies for Customizing Your Message to Your Audience	p. 108
Analyzing Your Audience after You Speak	p. 109
Nonverbal Responses	p. 109
Verbal Responses	p. 109
Survey Responses	p. 109
Behavioral Responses	p. 110
Summary	p. 110
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 110
Developing Your Speech	p. 115
Select and Narrow Your Topic	p. 117
Guidelines for Selecting a Topic	p. 117
Strategies for Selecting a Topic	p. 119
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Prime Your Creative Pump for a Speech Topic	p. 122
Narrowing the Topic	p. 122
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Select and Narrow Your Topic	p. 122
Determine Your Purpose	p. 123
General Purpose	p. 123
Specific Purpose	p. 124
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Determine Your Purpose	p. 127
Develop Your Central Idea	p. 127
A Complete Declarative Sentence	p. 128
Direct, Specific Language	p. 128
A Single Idea	p. 129
An Audience-Centered Idea	p. 129
Great Speakers: Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)	p. 129
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Develop Your Central Idea	p. 130
Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas	p. 131
Generating Your Main Ideas	p. 131
Previewing Your Main Ideas	p. 133
Meanwhile, Back at the Computer...	p. 133
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas	p. 134
Summary	p. 135
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 135
Gathering Supporting Material	p. 139
Personal Knowledge and Experience	p. 140
The Internet	p. 140
The World Wide Web	p. 141
Directories and Search Engines	p. 141
Evaluating Web Resources	p. 142
Speaker's Homepage: Evaluating Web Sites	p. 145
Library Resources	p. 145
Books	p. 145
Periodicals	p. 147
Full-Text Databases	p. 148
Newspapers	p. 148
Reference Resources	p. 149
Government Documents	p. 150
Special Services	p. 150
Interviews	p. 151
Determining the Purpose of the Interview	p. 151
Great Speakers: Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)	p. 152
Setting Up the Interview	p. 152
Planning the Interview	p. 152
Conducting the Interview	p. 154
Following Up the Interview	p. 154
Resources from Special-Interest Groups and Organizations	p. 155
Research Strategies	p. 155
Develop a Preliminary Bibliography	p. 155
Locate Resources	p. 158
Evaluate the Usefulness of Resources	p. 159
Take Notes	p. 159
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Gather Supporting Material	p. 159
Identify Possible Presentation Aids	p. 160
Summary	p. 162
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 163
Supporting Your Speech	p. 167
Illustrations	p. 168
Brief Illustrations	p. 169
Extended Illustrations	p. 169
Hypothetical Illustrations	p. 170
Using Illustrations Effectively	p. 170
Great Speakers: Garrison Keillor (1942-)	p. 171
Descriptions and Explanations	p. 171
Describing	p. 171
Explaining How	p. 172
Explaining Why	p. 172
Using Descriptions and Explanations Effectively	p. 173
Definitions	p. 173
Definitions by Classification	p. 173
Operational Definitions	p. 174
Using Definitions Effectively	p. 174
Analogies	p. 175
Literal Analogies	p. 175
Figurative Analogies	p. 175
Using Analogies Effectively	p. 176
Statistics	p. 176
Using Statistics as Support	p. 177
Using Statistics Effectively	p. 177
Opinions	p. 179
Expert Testimony	p. 180
Lay Testimony	p. 180
Literary Quotations	p. 180
Using Opinions Effectively	p. 180
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet to Find Interesting Supporting Material	p. 182
Selecting the Best Supporting Material	p. 183
Summary	p. 183
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 184
Organizing Your Speech	p. 187
Organizing Your Main Ideas	p. 189
Ordering Ideas Chronologically	p. 189
Organizing Ideas Topically	p. 191
Arranging Ideas Spatially	p. 192
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect	p. 193
Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution	p. 194
Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization	p. 195
Great Speakers: Desmond Tutu (1931-)	p. 196
Subdividing Your Main Ideas	p. 196
Speaker's Homepage: Internet Resources to Help You Organize Your Speech	p. 197
Integrating Your Supporting Material	p. 197
Sample Integration of Supporting Material	p. 198
Organizing Your Supporting Material	p. 198
Primacy or Recency	p. 199
Specificity	p. 199
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Organize Your Speech	p. 200
Complexity	p. 200
From Soft to Hard Evidence	p. 200
Developing Signposts	p. 201
Transitions	p. 202
Previews	p. 203
Summaries	p. 204
Supplementing Signposts with Presentation Aids	p. 205
Summary	p. 206
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 207
Introducing and Concluding Your Speech	p. 211
Purposes of Introductions	p. 212
Get the Audience's Attention	p. 213
Introduce the Subject	p. 213
Give the Audience a Reason to Listen	p. 213
Establish Your Credibility	p. 214
Preview Your Main Ideas	p. 215
Effective Introductions	p. 216
Illustrations or Anecdotes	p. 216
Startling Facts or Statistics	p. 217
Quotations	p. 217
Humor	p. 218
Questions	p. 219
References to Historic Events	p. 220
References to Recent Events	p. 220
Personal References	p. 221
References to the Occasion	p. 221
References to Preceding Speeches	p. 222
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Find an Attention-Catching Introduction	p. 222
Purposes of Conclusions	p. 223
Summarize the Speech	p. 223
Reemphasize the Central Idea in a Memorable Way	p. 224
Motivate the Audience to Respond	p. 224
Provide Closure	p. 225
Effective Conclusions	p. 225
Methods Also Used for Introductions	p. 225
References to the Introduction	p. 226
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges	p. 227
Great Speakers: Patrick Henry (1736-1799)	p. 227
Appeals to Action	p. 228
Summary	p. 228
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 229
Outlining and Editing Your Speech	p. 233
Developing Your Preparation Outline	p. 234
The Preparation Outline	p. 235
Sample Preparation Outline	p. 237
Sample Preparation Outline	p. 238
Editing Your Speech	p. 240
Developing Your Delivery Outline and Speaking Notes	p. 242
The Delivery Outline	p. 242
Sample Delivery Outline	p. 244
Sample Delivery Outline	p. 244
Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Improve Your Outlining Skill	p. 245
Speaking Notes	p. 246
Great Speakers: Mark Twain (1835-1910)	p. 248
Summary	p. 249
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 250
Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style	p. 253
Oral versus Written Language Style	p. 255
Oral Style Is More Personal Than Written Style	p. 255
Oral Style Is Less Formal Than Written Style	p. 255
Oral Style Is More Repetitive Than Written Style	p. 256
Using Words Effectively	p. 256
Use Specific, Concrete Words	p. 256
Use Simple Words	p. 257
Use Words Correctly	p. 258
Adapting Your Language Style to Diverse Listeners	p. 259
Use Language That Your Audience Can Understand	p. 259
Use Appropriate Language	p. 259
Use Unbiased Language	p. 260
Crafting Memorable Word Structures	p. 261
Creating Figurative Images	p. 262
Creating Drama	p. 262
Creating Cadence	p. 263
Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Polish Your Spoken Prose	p. 265
Analyzing an Example of Memorable Word Structure	p. 266
Great Speakers: John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)	p. 267
Tips for Using Language Effectively	p. 267
Summary	p. 268
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 269
Delivering Your Speech	p. 273
The Power of Speech Delivery	p. 274
Listeners Expect Effective Delivery	p. 275
Listeners Make Emotional Connections with You through Delivery	p. 275
Listeners Believe What They See	p. 276
Methods of Delivery	p. 276
Manuscript Speaking	p. 276
Memorized Speaking	p. 277
Impromptu Speaking	p. 277
Extemporaneous Speaking	p. 279
Characteristics of Effective Delivery	p. 280
Eye Contact	p. 281
Gestures	p. 282
Movement	p. 284
Posture	p. 285
Facial Expression	p. 286
Vocal Delivery	p. 286
Great Speakers: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.)	p. 286
Personal Appearance	p. 291
Speaker's Homepage: Evaluating Speaker Delivery	p. 292
Audience Diversity and Delivery	p. 293
Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips	p. 294
Delivering Your Speech	p. 295
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Rehearse Your Speech	p. 296
Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television	p. 297
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Deliver Your Speech	p. 298
Responding to Questions	p. 299
Summary	p. 300
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 301
Using Presentation Aids	p. 305
The Value of Presentation Aids	p. 306
Great Speakers: Ronald Reagan (1911-2004)	p. 308
Types of Presentation Aids	p. 308
Three-Dimensional Presentation Aids	p. 308
Two-Dimensional Presentation Aids	p. 310
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet as a Source for Visuals for Your Speeches	p. 319
Audiovisual Aids	p. 320
Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids	p. 322
Make Them Easy to See	p. 322
Keep Them Simple	p. 322
Select the Right Presentation Aids	p. 323
Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Presentation Aids	p. 324
Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids	p. 324
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids	p. 324
Make Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not with Your Presentation Aids	p. 324
Explain Your Presentation Aids	p. 325
Do Not Pass Objects among Members of Your Audience	p. 325
Use Animals with Caution	p. 325
Use Handouts Effectively	p. 325
Time the Use of Visuals to Control Your Audience's Attention	p. 326
Use Technology Effectively	p. 327
Remember Murphy's Law	p. 328
Summary	p. 328
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 329
Speaking to Inform	p. 333
Goals of Informative Speaking	p. 334
Speaking to Enhance Understanding	p. 335
Speaking to Maintain Interest	p. 335
Speaking to Be Remembered	p. 335
Types of Informative Speeches	p. 336
Speeches about Objects	p. 336
Speeches about Procedures	p. 337
Speeches about People	p. 338
Speeches about Events	p. 339
Speeches about Ideas	p. 339
Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding	p. 341
Speak with Clarity	p. 341
Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning	p. 342
Clarify Complex Processes	p. 342
Use Effective Visual Reinforcement	p. 344
Strategies to Maintain Audience Interest	p. 344
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You	p. 344
Speaker's Homepage: Finding Late-Breaking News and Information for Your Speech	p. 345
Tell a Story	p. 345
Great Speakers: Beverly Sills (1929-)	p. 346
Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners	p. 346
Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall	p. 346
Build in Redundancy	p. 346
Pace Your Information Flow	p. 347
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally	p. 347
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally	p. 347
Sample Informative Speech: Choosing a Speech Topic by Roger Fringer	p. 348
Summary	p. 349
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 349
Understanding Principles of Persuasive Speaking	p. 353
Persuasion Defined	p. 354
How Persuasion Works	p. 356
How to Motivate Listeners	p. 357
Use Dissonance	p. 357
Use Listener Needs	p. 359
Use Positive Motivation	p. 361
Use Negative Motivation	p. 362
Great Speakers: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)	p. 363
How to Develop Your Persuasive Speech	p. 364
Consider the Audience	p. 364
Select and Narrow Your Persuasive Topic	p. 365
Determine Your Persuasive Purpose	p. 366
Develop Your Central Idea and Main Ideas	p. 366
Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice	p. 369
Speaker's Homepage: Finding Out about Congressional Legislation for Persuasive Speeches	p. 371
Summary	p. 371
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 372
Using Persuasive Strategies	p. 375
Establishing Credibility	p. 376
Enhancing Your Credibility	p. 377
Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade	p. 378
Understanding Types of Reasoning	p. 379
Persuading the Diverse Audience	p. 383
Supporting Your Reasoning with Evidence	p. 385
Avoiding Faulty Reasoning: Ethical Issues	p. 386
Using Emotion to Persuade	p. 388
Speaker's Homepage: Information Triage: Identifying Reasoning Fallacies	p. 389
Great Speakers: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)	p. 389
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade	p. 390
Using Emotional Appeals: Ethical Issues	p. 392
Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas	p. 393
Persuading the Receptive Audience	p. 394
Persuading the Neutral Audience	p. 395
Persuading the Unreceptive Audience	p. 395
Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages	p. 397
Problem-Solution	p. 397
Refutation	p. 398
Cause and Effect	p. 399
The Motivated Sequence	p. 399
Sample Persuasive Speech: Medical Mayhem by Alyssa Horn	p. 403
Summary	p. 406
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 407
Special-Occasion Speaking	p. 411
Public Speaking in the Workplace	p. 412
Reports	p. 412
Public-Relations Speeches	p. 413
Ceremonial Speaking	p. 414
Introductions	p. 414
Toasts	p. 415
Speaker's Homepage: A Toast to You and Yours: Tips for Making Toasts	p. 416
Award Presentations	p. 416
Nominations	p. 417
Acceptances	p. 417
Keynote Addresses	p. 418
Commencement Addresses	p. 419
Commemorative Addresses and Tributes	p. 420
Eulogies	p. 420
After-Dinner Speaking: Using Humor Effectively	p. 421
Humorous Stories	p. 422
Humorous Verbal Strategies	p. 422
Humorous Nonverbal Strategies	p. 423
Great Speakers: Dave Barry (1947-)	p. 424
Summary	p. 424
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 425
Speaking in Small Groups	p. 429
Solving Problems in Groups and Teams	p. 431
Identify and Define the Problem	p. 431
Analyze the Problem	p. 432
Generate Possible Solutions	p. 432
Select the Best Solution	p. 433
Test and Implement the Solution	p. 434
Participating in Small Groups	p. 434
Come Prepared for Group Discussions	p. 434
Do Not Suggest Solutions before Analyzing the Problem	p. 435
Evaluate Evidence	p. 435
Help Summarize the Group's Progress	p. 435
Listen and Respond Courteously to Others	p. 435
Help Manage Conflict	p. 435
Leading Small Groups	p. 436
Leadership Responsibilities	p. 436
Leadership Styles	p. 436
Managing Meetings	p. 438
How to Give Meetings Structure	p. 439
How to Foster Meeting Interaction	p. 439
Speaker's Homepage: Using Parliamentary Procedure to Give Structure to Large Groups	p. 440
Presenting Group Recommendations	p. 441
Great Speakers: Oprah Winfrey (1954-)	p. 442
Symposium Presentation	p. 442
Forum Pressentation	p. 442
Panel Discussion	p. 442
Written Report	p. 443
Planning a Group Presentation	p. 443
Making a Group Presentation	p. 444
Summary	p. 445
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus	p. 445
Epilogue	p. 449
Speaker's Homepage: Learning More about Communication	p. 450
The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric	p. 451
The Earliest Teachers of Rhetoric	p. 451
Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The Sophists	p. 452
Plato	p. 453
Aristotle	p. 454
The Roman Tradition	p. 455
Conclusion	p. 456
Speeches for Analysis and Discussion	p. 459
I Have a Dream	p. 459
Making Democracy Work: Your Responsibility to Society	p. 461
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

RENT TEXTBOOKS

Public Speaking : An Audience-Centered Approach

Why Rent from Knetbooks?

Top 5 reasons to order all your textbooks from Knetbooks:

Related Products