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PsychSmart, 1st edition
1. Introduction to Psychology
COPING WITH DISASTER
PSYCHOLOGISTS AT WORK
The Subfields of Psychology
Working at Psychology
A SCIENCE EVOLVES
The Roots of Psychology
Founding Mothers of Psychology
Psychology Today
Key Issues in Psychology
Psychology’s Future
THE RESEARCH PROCESS IN PSYCHOLOGY
The Scientific Method
Theories: Broad Explanations
Hypotheses: Testable Predictions
Psychological Research Methods
Descriptive Research
Experimental Research
RESEARCH CHALLENGES
The Ethics of Research
Should Animals Be Used in Research?
Experimental Bias
2. Neuroscience and Behavior
BRAIN DIET
NEURONS: THE BASIC UNITS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Structure of the Neuron
How Neurons Fire
Bridging the Gap Between Neurons
Neurotransmitters: Chemical Couriers
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: LINKING NEURONS
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Evolution of the Nervous System
Behavioral Genetics
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: HORMONES AND GLANDS
THE BRAIN
Spying on the Brain
The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core
The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain”
The Adaptable Brain
Two Brains or One?
Human Diversity and Brain Lateralization
The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres
Controlling Your Heart—and Mind—Through Biofeedback
3. Sensation and Perception
MET ONCE, RECOGNIZED FOREVER
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN
SENSING THE WORLD AROUND US
Absolute Thresholds
Difference Thresholds
Sensory Adaptation
VISION: SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE EYE
Illuminating the Eye
Color Vision and Color Blindness
HEARING AND THE OTHER SENSES
Sensing Sound
Smell and Taste
The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain
How Our Senses Interact
PERCEPTION: CONSTRUCTING OUR IMPRESSIONS OF THE WORLD
The Gestalt Laws of Organization
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
Perceptual Constancy
Depth Perception
Perceptual Illusions
Culture and Perception
4. States of Consciousness
OUT OF CONTROL
SLEEP AND DREAMS
The Stages of Sleep
REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep
Why Do We Sleep and How Much Sleep is Necessary?
The Function and Meaning of Dreaming
Sleep Disturbances
Circadian Rhythms
HYPNOSIS AND MEDITATION
Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience?
Meditation: Regulating Our Own Consciousness
Cross-Cultural Routes to Altered States of Consciousness
DRUG USE: THE HIGHS AND LOWS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Stimulants: Drug Highs
Depressants: Drug Lows
Narcotics
Identifying Drug and Alcohol Problems
5. Learning

I WAS A BLACKBERRY ADDICT
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
What is Classical Conditioning?
How Do Conditioning Principles Apply to Human Behavior?
Extinction of a Conditioned Response
Generalization and Discrimination
OPERANT CONDITIONING
How Operant Conditioning Works
Behavior Analysis and Behavior
Modification
COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO LEARNING
Latent Learning
Observational Learning: Learning Through Imitation
Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Media’s Message Matter?
Does Culture Influence How We Learn?
6. Memory
REMEMBERING IT ALL
THE FOUNDATIONS OF MEMORY
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory Modules
Semantic Networks
The Neuroscience of Memory
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
Retrieval Cues
Levels of Processing
Explicit and Implicit Memory
Flashbulb Memories
Constructive Processes in Memory
FORGETTING: WHEN MEMORY FAILS
Why We Forget
Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Memory Dysfunctions
7. Thinking, Language, and Intelligences
EUREKA
THINKING AND REASONING
Mental Images
Concepts
Algorithms and Heuristics
Solving Problems
Creativity and Problem Solving
LANGUAGE
Grammar: The Rules of Language
Language Development
Theories of Language Acquisition
INTELLIGENCE
Theories of Intelligence
Measuring Intelligence
Variations in Intellectual Ability
Group Differences in Intelligence
Nature, Nurture, and IQ
8. Motivation and Emotion
FALLING OFF THE DIET WAGON
EXPLAINING MOTIVATION
Instinct Approaches
Drive-Reduction Approaches
Arousal Approaches
Incentive Approaches
Cognitive Approaches
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Applying Motivation Approaches
HUMAN NEEDS AND MOTIVATION
Hunger and Eating
Sexual Motivation
The Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power
Measuring Achievement Motivation
UNDERSTANDING EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES
The Functions of Emotions
Determining the Range of Emotions
The Roots of Emotions
Cultural Differences in Expressions of Emotion
9. Development
TWICE-BORN BABY
NATURE AND NURTURE
Developmental Research Techniques
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Basic Genetics
Earliest Development
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
The Extraordinary Newborn
Infancy Through Middle Childhood
Development of Social Behavior
ADOLESCENCE
Physical Changes
Moral and Cognitive Development
Adolescent Social Development
ADULTHOOD
The Peak of Health
Adult Social Development
Growing Old
Adjusting to Death
10. Personality
WHO IS THE REAL MADOFF?
WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts
TRAIT APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
Allport’s Trait Theory
Factor Analysis
The Big Five Factors of Personality
Evaluating Trait Approaches to Personality
LEARNING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach
Social Cognitive Approaches
Evaluating Learning Approaches to Personality
BIOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY

HUMANISTIC APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
Rogers and the Need for Self-Actualization
Evaluating Humanistic Approaches
COMPARING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
ASSESSING PERSONALITY
Self-Report Measures of Personality
Projective Methods
Behavioral Assessment
11. Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being
NEVER A MOMENT'S REST
STRESS AND COPING
The Nature of Stressors: My Stress is Your Pleasure
Coping with Stress
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ILLNESS AND WELL-BEING
The As, Bs, and Ds of Coronary Heart Disease
Psychological Aspects of Cancer
Smoking
PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Following Medical Advice
Well-Being and Happiness
12. Psychological Disorders and Treatment
LILY 301
DEFINING AND DIAGNOSING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Perspectives on Abnormality: From Superstition to Science
Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The DSM
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Other Disorders
Psychological Disorders in Perspective
The Social and Cultural Context of Psychological Disorders
TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Psychotherapies
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy
Humanistic Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
Group Therapy and Family Therapy
Evaluating Psychotherapy
Biomedical Therapy
13. Social Psychology
A GIFT OF LIFE
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
Persuasion: Changing Attitudes
Social Cognition: Understanding Others
SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND GROUPS
Conformity: Following What Others Do
Compliance: Submitting to Direct Social Pressure
STEREOTYPES, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION
The Foundations of Prejudice
Measuring Prejudice and Discrimination: The Implicit Association Test
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships
Aggression and Prosocial Behavior
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
END NOTES
CREDITS
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX

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Psychsmart

Psychsmart

9780078035289

0078035287

Summary

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Psychology

COPING WITH DISASTER

PSYCHOLOGISTS AT WORK

The Subfields of Psychology

Working at Psychology

A SCIENCE EVOLVES

The Roots of Psychology

Founding Mothers of Psychology

Psychology Today

Key Issues in Psychology

Psychology’s Future

THE RESEARCH PROCESS IN PSYCHOLOGY

The Scientific Method

Theories: Broad Explanations

Hypotheses: Testable Predictions

Psychological Research Methods

Descriptive Research

Experimental Research

RESEARCH CHALLENGES

The Ethics of Research

Should Animals Be Used in Research?

Experimental Bias

2. Neuroscience and Behavior

BRAIN DIET

NEURONS: THE BASIC UNITS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Structure of the Neuron

How Neurons Fire

Bridging the Gap Between Neurons

Neurotransmitters: Chemical Couriers

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: LINKING NEURONS

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Evolution of the Nervous System

Behavioral Genetics

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: HORMONES AND GLANDS

THE BRAIN

Spying on the Brain

The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”

The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core

The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain”

The Adaptable Brain

Two Brains or One?

Human Diversity and Brain Lateralization

The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres

Controlling Your Heart—and Mind—Through Biofeedback

3. Sensation and Perception

MET ONCE, RECOGNIZED FOREVER

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN

SENSING THE WORLD AROUND US

Absolute Thresholds

Difference Thresholds

Sensory Adaptation

VISION: SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE EYE

Illuminating the Eye

Color Vision and Color Blindness

HEARING AND THE OTHER SENSES

Sensing Sound

Smell and Taste

The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain

How Our Senses Interact

PERCEPTION: CONSTRUCTING OUR IMPRESSIONS OF THE WORLD

The Gestalt Laws of Organization

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing

Perceptual Constancy

Depth Perception

Perceptual Illusions

Culture and Perception

4. States of Consciousness

OUT OF CONTROL

SLEEP AND DREAMS

The Stages of Sleep