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Psychological Science

ISBN: 9780393924978 | 0393924971
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc
Pub. Date: 12/1/2005

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SummaryTable of Contents
Building on its unique strengths'”a rigorous and scientific treatment of contemporary psychology, a clear writing style, and a focus on principles rather than encyclopedic detail'”the text has been meticulously revised and reorganized for greater balance and accessibility. The Second Edition offers significantly expanded coverage of cultural and social psychology, strengthened integration of contemporary and classic studies, an enriched emphasis on critical thinking, and groundbreaking new multimedia learning tools.
... MORE
Psychological Science Special Topics Unitsxxiii
Prefacexxv
Acknowledgmentsxxxiii
Student Prefacexxxvii
Guided Chapter Tour for Studentsxxxviii
... MORE
Introduction to Psychological Science
3(34)
What Are the Themes of Psychological Science?
7(9)
The Principles of Psychological Science Are Cumulative
7(1)
A New Biological Revolution Is Energizing Research
8(2)
The Mind Is Adaptive
10(3)
Psychological Science Crosses Levels of Analysis
13(3)
What Are the Intellectual Origins of Psychology?
16(4)
The Nature-Nurture Debate Considers the Impact of Biology and Environment
16(1)
The Mind-Body Problem Has Challenged Philosophers and Psychologists
17(1)
Evolutionary Theory Introduces Natural Selection
18(2)
How Did the Scientific Foundations of Psychology Develop?
20(8)
Experimental Psychology Begins with Structuralism
20(1)
Functionalism Addresses the Purpose of Behavior
21(2)
Gestalt Psychology Emphasizes Patterns and Context in Learning
23(1)
The Unconscious Influences Everyday Mental Life
23(1)
Most Behavior Can Be Modified by Reward and Punishment
24(1)
How People Think Affects Behavior
25(1)
Social Situations Shape Behavior
26(1)
Psychological Therapy Is Based on Science
26(2)
How Can We Apply Psychological Science?
28(5)
Subdisciplines Focus on Different Levels of Analysis
28(2)
Psychological Knowledge Is Used in Many Professions
30(1)
People Are Intuitive Psychological Scientists
31(1)
Psychological Sciences Require Critical Thinking
31(2)
Conclusion
33(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Psychological Science
33(2)
Applying the Principles
35(1)
Key Terms
35(1)
Further Readings
35(2)
Research Methodology
37(36)
What Is Scientific Inquiry?
39(3)
Scientific Questions Can Be Objectively Answered
40(1)
The Empirical Process Depends on Theories, Hypotheses, and Research
41(1)
What Are the Types of Studies in Psychological Research?
42(6)
An Experiment Involves Manipulating Conditions
43(1)
Correlational Designs Examine How Variables Are Related
44(3)
Descriptive Studies Observe and Classify Behavior
47(1)
What Are the Data-Collection Methods of Psychological Science?
48(14)
Observing Is an Unobtrusive Strategy
49(1)
Asking Takes a More Active Approach
50(2)
Case Studies Examine Individual Lives
52(2)
Response Performance Measures Stimulus Processing
54(1)
Body and Brain Activity Can Be Directly Measured
55(3)
Research with Animals Provides Important Data
58(2)
There Are Ethical Issues to Consider
60(2)
How Are Data Analyzed and Evaluated?
62(7)
Good Research Requires Valid, Reliable, and Accurate Data
62(2)
Descriptive Statistics Provide a Summary
64(1)
Correlations Describe the Relationships between Variables
65(1)
Inferential Statistics Predict Chance Results
66(3)
Conclusion
69(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Research Methodology
69(1)
Applying the Principles
70(1)
Key Terms
71(1)
Further Readings
71(2)
Genetic and Biological Foundations
73(44)
What Is the Genetic Basis of Psychological Science?
76(11)
Heredity Involves Passing along Genes through Reproduction
78(1)
Genotypic Variation Is Created by Sexual Reproduction
79(3)
Genes Affect Behavior
82(3)
Social and Environmental Contexts Influence Genetic Expression
85(1)
Gene Expression Can Be Modified
86(1)
How Does the Nervous System Operate?
87(10)
Neurons Are Specialized for Communication
88(2)
Action Potentials Cause Neuronal Communication
90(2)
Changes in Electrical Potential Lead to Action
92(1)
Action Potentials Spread along the Axon
92(3)
Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the Synapse
95(2)
How Do Neurotransmitters Influence Emotion, Thought, and Behavior?
97(8)
Acetylcholine Affects Motor Control and Mental Processes
98(1)
Monoamines Are Involved in Affect, Arousal, and Motivation
99(3)
Amino Acids Are General Inhibitory and Excitatory Transmitters in the Brain
102(1)
Peptides Modulate Neurotransmission
103(2)
How Are Neural Messages Integrated into Communications Systems?
105(7)
The Central Nervous System Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord
105(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System Includes the Somatic and Autonomic Systems
106(2)
The Endocrine System Communicates through Hormones
108(3)
Actions of the Nervous System and Endocrine System Are Coordinated
111(1)
Conclusion
112(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Genetic and Biological Foundations
113(1)
Applying the Principles
114(1)
Key Terms
115(1)
Further Readings
115(2)
The Brain and Consciousness
117(42)
What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions?
120(9)
The Spinal Cord Is Capable of Autonomous Function
121(1)
The Brainstem Houses the Basic Programs of Survival
121(1)
The Cerebellum Is Essential for Movement
122(1)
Subcortical Structures Control Basic Drives and Emotions
123(2)
The Cerebral Cortex Underlies Complex Mental Activity
125(4)
How Does the Brain Change?
129(8)
The Interplay of Genes and the Environment Wires the Brain
129(2)
The Brain Rewires Itself throughout Life
131(3)
The Brain Can Recover from Injury
134(3)
How Is the Brain Divided?
137(3)
The Hemispheres Can Be Separated
137(1)
The Separate Hemispheres Can Be Tested
138(1)
The Hemispheres Are Specialized
138(1)
The Mind Is a Subjective Interpreter
139(1)
Can We Study Consciousness?
140(6)
Definitions of Consciousness Allow Its Empirical Study
141(1)
Unconscious Processing Influences Awareness
142(2)
Awareness Has Many Seats in the Brain
144(2)
What Is Sleep?
146(8)
Sleep Is an Altered State of Consciousness
147(2)
Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior
149(1)
Sleep and Wakefulness Are Regulated by Multiple Neural Mechanisms
150(2)
People Dream while Sleeping
152(2)
Conclusion
154(1)
Summarizing the Principles of the Brain and Consciousness
155(1)
Applying the Principles
156(1)
Key Terms
156(1)
Further Readings
157(2)
Sensation, Perception, and Attention
159(50)
How Do We Sense Our Worlds?
161(5)
Stimuli Must Be Coded to Be Understood by the Brain
162(1)
Psychophysics Relates Stimulus to Response
163(3)
What Are the Basic Sensory Processes?
166(16)
In Gustation, Taste Buds Are Chemical Detectors
166(1)
In Smell, the Nasal Cavity Gathers Particles of Odor
167(1)
In Touch, Sensors in the Skin Detect Pressure, Temperature, and Pain
168(2)
In Hearing, the Ear Is a Sound-Wave Detector
170(2)
In Vision, the Eye Detects Light Waves
172(10)
What Are the Basic Perceptual Processes?
182(18)
Perception Occurs in the Brain
182(3)
Object Perception Requires Construction
185(7)
Depth Perception Is Important for Locating Objects
192(3)
Size Perception Depends on Distance Perception
195(2)
Motion Perception Has Both Internal and External Cues
197(1)
Perceptual Constancies Are Based on Ratio Relationships
198(2)
How Does Attention Help the Brain Manage Perceptions?
200(5)
Visual Attention Is Selective and Serial
200(2)
Auditory Attention Allows Selective Listening
202(1)
Selective Attention Can Operate at Multiple Stages of Processing
202(3)
Conclusion
205(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Sensation, Perception, and Attention
205(1)
Applying the Principles
206(1)
Key Terms
207(1)
Further Readings
207(2)
Learning and Reward
209(40)
How Did the Behavioral Study of Learning Develop?
212(10)
Behavioral Responses Are Conditioned
213(4)
Phobias and Addictions Have Learned Components
217(2)
Classical Conditioning Involves More Than Contiguity
219(3)
How Is Operant Conditioning Different from Classical Conditioning?
222(9)
Reinforcement Increases Behavior
222(2)
Both Reinforcement and Punishment Can Be Positive or Negative
224(2)
Operant Conditioning Is Influenced by Schedules of Reinforcement
226(2)
Biology and Cognition Influence Operant Conditioning
228(2)
The Value of Reinforcement Follows Economic Principles
230(1)
How Does Watching Others Affect Learning?
231(6)
Learning Can Be Passed On through Cultural Transmission
232(1)
Learning Can Occur through Observation
232(2)
Animals and Humans Imitate Others
234(3)
What is the Biological Basis of Reward?
237(3)
Self-Stimulation Is a Model of Reward
237(1)
Dopamine Signals Reward
238(2)
How Does Learning Occur at the Neuronal Level?
240(4)
Habituation and Sensitization Are Simple Models of Learning
240(1)
Long-Term Potentiation Is a Candidate for the Cellular Basis of Learning
241(2)
Learning Can Be Simulated by Computerized Neural Networks
243(1)
Conclusion
244(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Learning and Reward
244(2)
Applying the Principles
246(1)
Key Terms
247(1)
Further Readings
247(2)
Memory
249(44)
What Are the Basic Stages of Memory?
251(8)
Sensory Memory Is Brief
252(1)
Short-Term Memory Is Active
253(2)
Long-Term Memory Is Relatively Permanent
255(4)
What Are the Different Memory Systems?
259(3)
Explicit Memory Involves Conscious Effort
259(1)
Implicit Memory Occurs without Deliberate Effort
260(2)
How Is Information Organized in Long-Term Memory?
262(5)
Long-Term Memory Is a Temporal Sequence
262(1)
Long-Term Storage Is Based on Meaning
262(1)
Schemas Provide an Organizational Framework
263(1)
Information Is Stored in Association Networks
264(1)
Retrieval Cues Provide Access to Long-Term Storage
265(2)
What Brain Processes Are Involved in Memory?
267(8)
There Has Been Intensive Effort to Identify the Physical Location of Memory
267(1)
The Medial Temporal Lobes Are Important for Consolidation of Declarative Memories
268(3)
The Frontal Lobes Are Involved in Many Aspects of Memory
271(1)
Neurochemistry Influences Memory
272(3)
When Do People Forget?
275(4)
Transience Is Caused by Interference
276(1)
Blocking Is Temporary
277(1)
Absentmindedness Results from Shallow Encoding
278(1)
Amnesia Is a Deficit in Long-Term Memory
278(1)
How Are Memories Distorted?
279(9)
Flashbulb Memories Can Be Wrong
280(1)
People Make Source Misattributions
280(1)
People Make Bad Eyewitnesses
281(2)
People Have False Memories
283(1)
Repressed Memories Are Controversial
284(1)
People Reconstruct Events to Be Consistent
285(3)
Conclusion
288(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Memory
289(1)
Applying the Principles
290(1)
Key Terms
291(1)
Further Readings
291(2)
Thinking and Intelligence
293(48)
How Does the Mind Represent Information?
296(7)
Mental Images Are Analogical Representations
296(3)
Concepts Are Symbolic Representations
299(2)
Schemas Organize Useful Information about the Environment
301(2)
How Do We Make Decisions and Solve Problems?
303(16)
People Use Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
304(2)
Decision Making Often Involves Heuristics
306(5)
Problem Solving Achieves Goals
311(8)
How Do We Understand Intelligence?
319(17)
Intelligence Is Assessed by Psychometric Tests
320(3)
General Intelligence Involves Multiple Components
323(4)
Intelligence Is Associated with Cognitive Performance
327(3)
Genes and Environment Both Influence Intelligence
330(6)
Conclusion
336(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Thinking and Intelligence
337(1)
Applying the Principles
338(1)
Key Terms
338(1)
Further Readings
339(2)
Motivation
341(42)
How Does Motivation Activate, Direct, and Sustain Behavior?
344(7)
Needs, Drives, and Arousal Motivate Behavior
344(3)
Pleasure Can Motivate Adaptive Behaviors
347(1)
Some Behaviors Are Motivated for Their Own Sake
348(3)
Why Are Human Beings Social?
351(4)
Humans Have a Fundamental Need to Belong
352(1)
People Seek Others When They Are Anxious
353(1)
People Are Motivated to Detect and Reject Cheaters
353(2)
How Do People Achieve Personal Goals?
355(5)
Good Goals Enhance Confidence
355(1)
Self-Regulation Requires Self-Awareness and Delay of Gratification
356(3)
The Frontal Lobes Are Important for Self-Regulation
359(1)
What Determines How We Eat?
360(4)
Time and Taste Play Roles
360(1)
Culture Determines What We Eat
361(1)
Multiple Neural Processes Control Eating
362(2)
What Is Addiction?
364(6)
Addiction Has Psychological and Physical Aspects
364(1)
People Use---and Abuse---Many Psychoactive Drugs
365(3)
Alcohol Is the Most Widely Abused Drug
368(2)
What Factors Motivate Sexual Behavior?
370(9)
Biological Factors Influence Sexual Behavior
371(2)
Cultural Scripts and Rules Shape Sexual Interactions
373(2)
Mating Strategies Differ between the Sexes
375(4)
Conclusion
379(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Motivation
379(1)
Applying the Principles
380(1)
Key Terms
381(1)
Further Readings
381(2)
Emotions and Health
383(48)
How Are Emotions Adaptive?
386(7)
Facial Expressions Communicate Emotion
387(2)
Emotions Serve Cognitive Functions
389(2)
Emotions Strengthen Interpersonal Relations
391(2)
How Do People Experience Emotions?
393(7)
Emotions Have a Subjective Component
393(2)
Emotions Have a Physiological Component
395(1)
Emotions Have a Cognitive Component
396(2)
People Regulate Their Moods
398(2)
What Is the Neurophysiological Basis of Emotion?
400(8)
Emotions Are Associated with Autonomic Activity
401(3)
The Amygdala and the Prefrontal Cortex Are Involved in Emotion
404(3)
Emotion Systems Are Lateralized in the Brain
407(1)
How Do People Cope With Stress?
408(8)
There Are Sex Differences in Response to Stressors
408(1)
The General Adaptation Syndrome Is a Bodily Response to Stress
409(1)
People Encounter Stress in Daily Life
410(1)
Stress Affects Health
411(3)
Coping Is a Process
414(2)
What Are Some of the Behaviors That Affect Physical Health?
416(11)
Obesity Results from a Genetic Predisposition and Overeating
417(2)
Restrictive Dieting Can Be Problematic
419(1)
Smoking Often Begins in Childhood
420(4)
People Do Not Get Enough Exercise
424(3)
Conclusion
427(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Emotions and Health
427(1)
Applying the Principles
428(1)
Key Terms
429(1)
Further Readings
429(2)
Human Development
431(50)
What Shapes a Child?
433(11)
Development Starts in the Womb
434(2)
Brain Development Promotes Learning
436(2)
Attachment Promotes Survival
438(3)
Parental Style Can Affect Children's Well-Being
441(3)
How Do Children Learn about Their Worlds?
444(17)
Perception Introduces the World
445(2)
Piaget Emphasized Stages of Development
447(2)
Infants Have Innate Knowledge
449(2)
Memory Improves over Childhood
451(1)
Humans Learn from Interacting with Others
452(2)
Language Develops in an Orderly Fashion
454(7)
How Do Children and Adolescents Develop Their identities?
461(8)
Gender Roles Are Determined by Cultural Norms
461(4)
Friends Influence Adolescent identity and Behavior
465(1)
Identity Includes Moral Values
466(1)
People Define Themselves in Terms of Race and Ethnicity
467(2)
What Brings Meaning to Adulthood?
469(7)
Adults Are Affected by Life Transitions
470(2)
Aging Can Be Successful
472(2)
Cognition Changes during Aging
474(2)
Conclusion
476(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Human Development
476(2)
Applying the Principles
478(1)
Key Terms
478(1)
Further Readings
479(2)
Personality
481(38)
How Have Scientists Studied Personality?
483(10)
Psychodynamic Theories Emphasize Unconscious and Dynamic Processes
484(3)
Humanistic Approaches Emphasize Integrated Personal Experience
487(1)
Type and Trait Approaches Describe Behavioral Dispositions
488(2)
Personality Reflects Learning and Cognitive Processes
490(3)
How Is Personality Assessed, and What Does It Predict?
493(7)
Personality Refers to Both Unique and Common Characteristics
494(1)
We Can Use Objective and Projective Methods to Assess Personality
494(2)
Observers Show Accuracy in Trait Judgments
496(1)
People Sometimes Are Inconsistent
496(1)
Behavior Is Influenced by the Interaction of Personality and Situations
497(3)
What Is the Biological Basis of Personality?
500(7)
Personality Is Rooted in Genetics
500(2)
Temperaments Are Evident in Infancy
502(2)
Personality Is Linked to Specific Neurophysiological Mechanisms
504(2)
Personality Is Adaptive
506(1)
Can Personality Change?
507(7)
Traits Remain Stable over Time
508(1)
Characteristic Adaptations Change across Time and Circumstances
509(2)
Brain Injury and Pharmacological Interventions Affect Personality
511(3)
Conclusion
514(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Personality
514(2)
Applying the Principles
516(1)
Key Terms
516(1)
Further Readings
517(2)
Disorders of Mind and Body
519(46)
How Are Mental Disorders Conceptualized and Classified?
521(12)
Mental Disorders Are Classified into Categories
522(1)
Mental Disorders Must Be Assessed before Diagnosis
523(5)
Mental Disorders Have Many Causes
528(2)
The Legal System Has Its Own Definition of Psychopathology
530(3)
Can Anxiety Be the Root of Seemingly Different Disorders?
533(5)
There Are Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
533(2)
Anxiety Disorders Have Cognitive, Situational, and Biological Components
535(3)
Are Mood Disorders Extreme Manifestations of Normal Moods?
538(5)
There Are Different Types of Mood Disorders
538(1)
Mood Disorders Have Cognitive, Situational, and Biological Components
539(4)
Is Schizophrenia a Disorder of Mind or Body?
543(6)
Schizophrenia Has Positive and Negative Symptoms
544(2)
Schizophrenia Is Primarily a Brain Disorder
546(2)
Environmental Factors Influence Schizophrenia
548(1)
Are Personality Disorders Truly Mental Disorders?
549(6)
Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive Ways of Relating to the World
549(2)
Borderline Personality Disorder Is Associated with Poor Self-Control
551(1)
Antisocial Personality Disorder is Associated with a Lack of Empathy
552(3)
Should Childhood Disorders Be Considered a Unique Category?
555(6)
Autism Is a Lack of Awareness of Others
556(2)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is a Disruptive Behavior Disorder
558(3)
Conclusion
561(1)
Summarizing the Principles of the Disorders of Mind and Body
561(1)
Applying the Principles
562(1)
Key Terms
563(1)
Further Readings
563(2)
Treating Disorders of Mind and Body
565(42)
How Is Mental illness Treated?
567(10)
Psychotherapy Is Based on Psychological Principles
567(5)
Biological Therapies Are Necessary for Some Disorders
572(1)
Common Factors Enhance Treatment
573(4)
What Are the Most Effective Treatments?
577(16)
Treatments That Focus on Behavior and Cognition Are Superior for Anxiety Disorders
578(4)
Many Effective Treatments Are Available for Depression
582(5)
Lithium Is Most Effective for Bipolar Disorder
587(1)
Pharmacological Treatments Are Superior for Schizophrenia
588(5)
Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?
593(4)
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is Most Successful for Borderline Personality Disorder
594(1)
Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Difficult to Treat
595(2)
How Should Childhood Disorders Be Treated?
597(6)
Children with ADHD Can Benefit from a Variety of Approaches
597(2)
Autistic Children Benefit from a Structured Treatment Approach
599(4)
Conclusion
603(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Treating Disorders of Mind and Body
603(1)
Applying the Principles
604(1)
Key Terms
605(1)
Further Readings
605(2)
Social Psychology
607
How Do We Know Ourselves?
610(10)
Our Self-Concept Consists of Self-Knowledge
611(3)
Perceived Social Regard Influences Self-Esteem
614(2)
We Use Mental Strategies to Maintain Our Views of Self
616(4)
How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior?
620(5)
We Form Attitudes through Socialization and Experience
620(1)
Behaviors Are Consistent with Strong Attitudes
621(1)
Discrepancies Lead to Dissonance
622(2)
Attitudes Can Be Changed through Persuasion
624(1)
How Do We Form Our Impressions of Others?
625(9)
Nonverbal Actions and Expressions Affect Our Impressions
626(1)
We Make Attributions about Others
627(1)
Stereotypes Are Based on Automatic Categorization
628(3)
Stereotypes Can Lead to Prejudice
631(3)
How Do Others Influence Us?
634(7)
Groups Influence Individual Behavior
635(1)
We Conform to Social Norms
636(2)
We Are Compliant
638(1)
We Are Obedient to Authority
639(2)
When Do We Harm or Help Others?
641(6)
Aggression Can Be Adaptive
641(2)
Aggression Has Social and Cultural Aspects
643(1)
Many Factors May Influence Helping Behavior
644(1)
Some Situations Lead to Bystander Apathy
645(2)
What Determines the Quality of Relationships?
647(7)
Situational and Personal Factors Influence Friendships
647(3)
Love Is an Important Component of Romantic Relationships
650(1)
Making Love Last Is Difficult
651(3)
Conclusion
654(1)
Summarizing the Principles of Social Psychology
655(1)
Applying the Principles
656(1)
Key Terms
657(1)
Further Readings
657
Glossary1(1)
References1(1)
Acknowledgments and Credits1(1)
Name Index1(1)
Subject Index1


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