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Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

by: Boggs Jr., Sam

Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

by: Boggs Jr., Sam

ISBN 13:
9780131547285
ISBN 10:
0131547283
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2006
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

A concise treatment of the fundamental principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, featuring the important physical, chemical, biological and stratigraphic characteristics of sedimentary rocks. Emphasized are the ways in which the study of sedimentary rocks is used to interpret depositional environments, changes in ancient sea level, and other intriguing aspects of Earth history.Topics include the origin and transport of sedimentary materials; physical properties of sedimentary rocks; composition, classification and diagenesis of sedimentary rocks and principles of stratigraphy and basin analysis.For individuals interested in one text providing comprehensive coverage of both sedimentology and stratigraphy.

Preface

Introduction

xvii

PART I Origin and Transport of Sedimentary Materials

(48)

Weathering and Soils

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Subaerial Weathering Processes

(9)

Physical Weathering

(3)

Chemical Weathering

(3)

Weathering Rates

(1)

Products of Subaerial Weathering

(2)

Submarine Weathering Processes and Products

(2)

Soils

(4)

Soil-Forming Processes

(1)

Soil Profiles and Soil Classification

(1)

Paleosols

(1)

Recognition of Paleosols

(2)

Concluding Remarks

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Transport and Deposition of Siliciclastic Sediment

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

(5)

Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

(1)

Reynolds Number

(1)

Boundary Layers and Velocity Profiles

(2)

Froude Number

(1)

Particle Transport by Fluids

(9)

Particle Entrainment by Currents

(3)

Role of Particle Settling Velocity in Transport

(2)

Sediment Loads and Transport Paths

(1)

Transport by Wind

(1)

Transport by Glacial Ice

(1)

Deposits of Fluid Flows

(1)

Particle Transport by Sediment Gravity Flows

(13)

Turbidity Currents

(5)

Liquefied Flows

(1)

Grain Flows

(1)

Debris Flows and Mud Flows

(2)

Further Reading

(2)

PART II Physical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks

(68)

Sedimentary Textures

(23)

Introduction

(1)

Grain Size

(14)

Grain-Size Scales

(1)

Measuring Grain Size

(3)

Graphical and Mathematical Treatment of Grain-Size Data

(6)

Application and Importance of Grain-Size Data

(4)

Particle Shape

(5)

Particle Form (Sphericity)

(1)

Particle Roundness

(1)

Fourier Shape Analysis

(1)

Significance of Particle Shape

(1)

Surface Texture

(2)

Fabric

(4)

Grain Orientation

(1)

Grain Packing, Grain-to-Grain Relations, and Porosity

(2)

Further Reading

(1)

Sedimentary Structures

(43)

Introduction

(1)

Kinds of Primary Sedimentary Structures

(1)

Stratification and Bedforms

(22)

Bedding and Lamination

(5)

Bedforms

(6)

Cross-Stratification Structures

(7)

Irregular Stratification

(4)

Bedding-Plane Markings

(16)

Markings Generated by Erosion and Deposition

(1)

Markings Generated by Erosion and Deposition

(3)

Markings' Generated by Deformation: Load Casts

101

(1)

Biogenic Structures

102

(10)

Bedding-Plane Markings of Miscellaneous Origin

112

(2)

Other Structures

114

(1)

Paleocurrent Analysis from Sedimentary Structures

114

(3)

Further Reading

116

(1)

PART III Composition, Classification, and Diagenesis of Sedimentary Rocks

117

(124)

Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

119

(40)

Introduction

119

(1)

Sandstones

119

(16)

Framework Mineralogy

120

(5)

Mineral Cements

125

(1)

Matrix Minerals

126

(1)

Chemical Composition

126

(1)

Classification of Sandstones

127

(3)

Sandstone Maturity

130

(1)

General Characteristics of Major Classes of Sandstones

131

(4)

Conglomerates

135

(4)

Particle Composition

135

(1)

Classification

136

(1)

Origin and Occurrence of Conglomerates

137

(2)

Shales (Mudrocks)

139

(6)

Composition

140

(3)

Classification

143

(1)

Origin and Occurrence of Shales (Mudrocks)

144

(1)

Diagenesis of Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

145

(9)

Stages and Realms of Diagenesis

146

(1)

Major Diagenetic Processes and Effects

147

(7)

Provenance Significance of Mineral Composition

154

(5)

Further Reading

157

(2)

Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks

159

(38)

Introduction

159

(1)

Chemistry and Mineralogy

160

(1)

Limestone Textures

161

(6)

Carbonate Grains

162

(4)

Microcrystalline Calcite

166

(1)

Sparry Calcite

166

(1)

Dolomite Textures

167

(1)

Structures in Carbonate Rocks

168

(1)

Classification of Carbonate Rocks

169

(3)

Origin of Carbonate Rocks

172

(16)

Limestones

174

(8)

Dolomite

182

(6)

Diagenesis

188

(9)

Regimes of Carbonate Diagenesis

189

(1)

Major Diagenetic Processes and Changes

190

(5)

Summary Results of Carbonate Diagenesis

195

(1)

Further Reading

196

(1)

Other Chemical/Biochemical and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks

197

(44)

Introduction

197

(1)

Evaporites

198

(8)

Introduction

198

(1)

Kinds of Evaporites

199

(4)

Origin of Evaporite Deposits

203

(3)

Diagenesis of Evaporites

206

(1)

Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks (Cherts)

206

(11)

Introduction

206

(1)

Varieties of Chert

207

(4)

Origin of Chert

211

(6)

Iron-Bearing Sedimentary Rocks

217

(6)

Introduction

217

(1)

Kinds of Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks

217

(4)

Origin of Iron Formations and Ironstones

221

(2)

Sedimentary Phosphorites

223

(6)

Introduction

223

(1)

Mineralogy and Chemistry

224

(1)

Distinguishing Characteristics

225

(1)

Principal Kinds of Phosphorite Deposits

226

(1)

Origin of Phosphorites

227

(1)

Summary of Phosphorite Deposition

228

(1)

Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks: Coal, Oil Shale, Bitumens

229

(12)

Introduction

229

(1)

Kinds of Organic Matter in Sedimentary Rocks

230

(1)

Classification of Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks

230

(9)

Further Reading

239

(2)

PART IV Depositional Environments

241

(156)

Continental (Terrestrial) Environments

245

(44)

Introduction

245

(1)

Fluvial Systems

245

(13)

Alluvial Fans

246

(4)

River Systems

250

(8)

Eolian Desert Systems

258

(10)

Introduction

258

(1)

Transport and Depositional Processes in Deserts

258

(2)

Deposits of Modern Deserts

260

(3)

Kinds of Eolian Systems

263

(1)

Bounding Surfaces in Eolian Deposits

264

(1)

Ancient Desert Deposits

265

(3)

Lacustrine Systems

268

(8)

Origin and Size of Lakes

268

(1)

Lake Settings and Principal Kinds of Lakes

269

(1)

Factors Controlling Lake Sedimentation

270

(2)

Characteristics of Lacustrine Deposits

272

(2)

Ancient Lake Deposits

274

(2)

Glacial Systems

276

(13)

Introduction

276

(1)

Environmental Setting

276

(1)

Transport and Deposition in Glacial Environments

277

(3)

Glacial Facies

280

(1)

Continental Ice Facies

281

(3)

Marine Glacial Facies

284

(1)

Vertical Facies Successions

285

(1)

Ancient Glacial Deposits

286

(1)

Further Reading

287

(2)

Marginal-Marine Environments

289

(45)

Introduction

289

(1)

Deltaic Systems

289

(17)

Introduction

289

(3)

Delta Classification and Sedimentation Processes

292

(7)

Physiographic and Sediment Characteristics of Deltas

299

(3)

Delta Cycles

302

(1)

Ancient Deltaic Systems

303

(3)

Beach and Barrier Island Systems

306

(11)

Introduction

306

(2)

Depositional Setting

308

(1)

Beaches

309

(2)

Barrier-Island Systems

311

(1)

Characteristics of Modern Beach and Barrier-Island Systems

312

(2)

Ancient Beach and Barrier-Island Sediments

314

(3)

Estuarine Systems

317

(5)

Introduction

317

(1)

Physiographic, Hydrologic, and Sediment Characteristics of Estuaries

318

(3)

Ancient Estuarine Facies

321

(1)

Lagoonal Systems

322

(4)

Introduction

322

(3)

Ancient Lagoonal Deposits

325

(1)

Tidal-Flat Systems

326

(8)

Introduction

326

(1)

Depositional Setting

327

(1)

Sedimentary Processes and Sediment Characteristics of Tidal-Flats

328

(3)

Ancient Tidal-Flat Sediments

331

(1)

Further Reading

332

(2)

Siliciclastic Marine Environments

334

(32)

Introduction

334

(1)

The Shelf Environment

335

(14)

Physiography and Depositional Setting

336

(1)

Shelf Sediment Transport and Deposition

337

(1)

Wave- and Storm-Dominated Shelves

338

(5)

Tide-Dominated Shelves

343

(2)

Shelves Affected by Intruding Ocean Currents

345

(1)

Shelf Transport by Density Currents

346

(1)

Effects of Sea-Level Change on Shelf Transport

347

(1)

Biological Activities on Shelves

347

(1)

Ancient Siliciclastic Shelf Sediments

347

(2)

The Oceanic (Deep-Water) Environment

349

(17)

Introduction

349

(1)

Depositional Setting

350

(2)

Transport and Depositional Processes to and within Deep Water

352

(4)

Principal Kinds of Modern Deep-Sea Sediments

356

(8)

Ancient Deep-Sea Sediments

364

(1)

Further Reading

365

(1)

Carbonate and Evaporite Environments

366

(31)

Introduction

366

(2)

Carbonates

366

(1)

Evaporites

367

(1)

Carbonate Shelf (Nonreef) Environments

368

(11)

Depositional Setting

368

(3)

Sedimentation Processes

371

(1)

Skeletal and Sediment Characteristics of Carbonate Deposits

372

(2)

Examples of Modern Carbonate Platforms

374

(2)

Examples of Ancient Carbonate Shelf Successions

376

(3)

Slope/Basin Carbonates

379

(3)

Organic Reef Environments

382

(6)

Modern Reefs and Reef Environments

382

(5)

Ancient Reefs

387

(1)

Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Systems

388

(2)

Evaporite Environments

390

(7)

General Statement

390

(1)

Modern Evaporite Environments

390

(3)

Ancient Evaporite Environments

393

(2)

Further Reading

395

(2)

PART V Stratigraphy and Basin Analysis

397

(226)

Lithostratigraphy

399

(34)

Introduction

399

(1)

Types of Lithostratigraphic Units

399

(1)

Stratigraphic Relations

400

(6)

Contacts between Conformable Strata

401

(1)

Contacts between Laterally Adjacent Lithosomes

402

(1)

Unconformable Contacts

403

(3)

Vertical and Lateral Successions of Strata

406

(11)

Nature of Vertical Successions

406

(1)

Cyclic Successions

406

(6)

Sedimentary Facies

412

(1)

Walther's Law of Succession of Facies

413

(2)

Effects of Climate and Sea Level on Sedimentation Patterns

415

(2)

Nomenclature and Classification of Lithostratigraphic Units

417

(4)

Development of the Stratigraphic Code

417

(1)

Major Types of Stratigraphic Units

418

(1)

Formal Lithostratigraphic Units

419

(2)

Correlation of Lithostratigraphic Units

421

(12)

Introduction

421

(1)

Definition of Correlation

422

(2)

Lithocorrelation

424

(8)

Further Reading

432

(1)

Seismic, Sequence, and Magnetic Stratigraphy

433

(45)

Introduction

433

(1)

Seismic Stratigraphy

434

(17)

Early Development of Seismic Methods

434

(1)

Principles of Reflection Seismic Methods

434

(4)

Application of Reflection Seismic Methods to Stratigraphic Analysis

438

(13)

Sequence Stratigraphy

451

(11)

Fundamental Principles

451

(1)

Fundamental Units of Sequence Stratigraphy

451

(4)

Methods and Applications of Sequence Stratigraphy

455

(7)

Magnetostratigraphy

462

(16)

General Principles

462

(2)

Sampling, Measuring, and Displaying Remanent Magnetism

464

(2)

Magnetic Polarity Time Scales

466

(3)

Terminology in Magnetostratigraphy

469

(1)

Applications of Magnetostratigraphy and Paleomagnetism

469

(7)

Further Reading

476

(2)

Biostratigraphy

478

(35)

Introduction

478

(2)

Fossils as a Basis for Stratigraphic Subdivision

480

(3)

Principle of Faunal Succession

480

(1)

Concept of Stage

481

(1)

Concept of Zone

481

(2)

Biostratigraphic Units

483

(2)

Principal Categories of Zones

483

(1)

Rank of Biostratigraphic Units

484

(1)

Naming of Biostratigraphic Units

485

(1)

The Basis for Biostratigraphic Zonation: Changes in Organisms Through Time

485

(10)

Evolution

485

(1)

Taxonomic Classification and Importance of Species

486

(1)

Changes in Species Through Time

487

(8)

Distribution of Organisms in Space: Paleobiogeography

495

(6)

Combined Effects of the Distribution of Organisms in Time and Space

501

(1)

Biocorrelation

502

(11)

Correlation by Assemblage Biozones

502

(1)

Correlation by Abundance Biozones

503

(1)

Chronocorrelation by Fossils

504

(1)

Correlation by Taxon-Range and Interval Biozones

505

(4)

Correlation by Biogeographical Abundance Biozones

509

(3)

Further Reading

512

(1)

Chronostratigraphy and Geologic Time

513

(37)

Introduction

513

(1)

Geologic Time Units

513

(5)

The Geologic Time Scale

518

(15)

Purpose and Scope

518

(1)

Development of the Geologic Time Scale

518

(15)

Chronocorrelation

533

(17)

Event Correlation and Event Stratigraphy

533

(5)

Correlation by Stable Isotope Events

538

(10)

Problems with Isotopic Chronocorrelation

548

(1)

Further Reading

549

(1)

Basin Analysis, Tectonics, and Sedimentation

550

(73)

Introduction

550

(1)

Mechanisms of Basin Formation (Subsidence)

551

(1)

Plate Tectonics and Basins

552

(2)

Kinds of Sedimentary Basins

554

(13)

Basins in Divergent Settings

557

(1)

Basins in Intraplate Settings

558

(4)

Basins in Convergent Settings

562

(3)

Basins in Strike-Slip/Transform-Fault-Related Settings

565

(1)

Basins in Hybrid Settings

566

(1)

Sedimentary Basin Fill

567

(1)

Techniques of Basin Analysis

568

(9)

Measuring Stratigraphic Sections

569

(1)

Preparing Stratigraphic Maps and Cross Sections

569

(6)

Siliciclastic Petrofacies (Provenance) Studies

575

(1)

Geophysical Studies

576

(1)

Applications of Basin Analysis

577

(5)

Interpreting Geologic History

577

(2)

Economic Applications

579

(2)

Further Reading

581

(1)

Appendices

Appendix A Form and Roundness of Sedimentary Particles

582

(3)

Appendix B Paleothermometry

585

(3)

Appendix C North American Stratigraphic Code

588

(27)

Appendix D Nomenclature of Global and North American Chronostratigraphic Units

615

(4)

Appendix E Web Sites Pertaining to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

619

(4)

Bibliography

623

(32)

Index

655

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

9780131547285

0131547283

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

9780131547285

0131547283

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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