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| Concepts and Tools | |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| The Book's Website | p. 3 |
| Pedagogical Approach | p. 4 |
| Getting Ready to Learn about SEM | p. 5 |
| Characteristics of SEM | p. 7 |
| Widespread Enthusiasm, but with a Cautionary Tale | p. 13 |
| Family History and a Reminder about Context | p. 15 |
| Extended Latent Variable Families | p. 16 |
| Plan of th... MORE | p. 17 |
| Summary | p. 18 |
| Fundamental Concepts | p. 19 |
| Multiple Regression | p. 19 |
| Partial Correlation and Part Correlation | p. 28 |
| Other Bivariate Correlations | p. 31 |
| Logistic Regression | p. 32 |
| Statistical Tests | p. 33 |
| Bootstrapping | p. 42 |
| Summary | p. 43 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 44 |
| Exercises | p. 45 |
| Data Preparation | p. 46 |
| Forms of Input Data | p. 46 |
| Positive Definiteness | p. 49 |
| Data Screening | p. 51 |
| Selecting Good Measures and Reporting about Them | p. 68 |
| Summary | p. 72 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 72 |
| Exercises | p. 73 |
| Computer Tools | p. 75 |
| Ease of Use, Not Suspension of Judgment | p. 75 |
| Human-Computer Interaction | p. 77 |
| Core SEM Programs and Book Website Resources | p. 77 |
| Other Computer Tools | p. 86 |
| Summary | p. 87 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 87 |
| Core Techniques | |
| Specification | p. 91 |
| Steps of SEM | p. 91 |
| Model Diagram Symbols | p. 95 |
| Specification Concepts | p. 96 |
| Path Analysis Models | p. 103 |
| CFA Models | p. 112 |
| Structural Regression Models | p. 118 |
| Exploratory SEM | p. 121 |
| Summary | p. 121 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 122 |
| Exercises | p. 122 |
| Identification | p. 124 |
| General Requirements | p. 124 |
| Unique Estimates | p. 130 |
| Rule for Recursive Structural Models | p. 132 |
| Rules for Standard CFA Models | p. 137 |
| Rules for Nonstandard CFA Models | p. 138 |
| Rules for SR Models | p. 144 |
| A Healthy Perspective on Identification | p. 146 |
| Empirical Underidentification | p. 146 |
| Managing Identification Problems | p. 147 |
| Summary | p. 148 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 149 |
| Exercises | p. 149 |
| Appendix 6.A. Evaluation of the Rank Condition | p. 151 |
| Estimation | p. 154 |
| Maximum Likelihood Estimation | p. 154 |
| Detailed Example | p. 160 |
| Brief Example with a Start Value Problem | p. 172 |
| Fitting Models to Correlation Matrices | p. 175 |
| Alternative Estimators | p. 176 |
| A Healthy Perspective on Estimation | p. 182 |
| Summary | p. 182 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 183 |
| Exercises | p. 183 |
| Appendix 7.A Start Value Suggestions for Structural Models | p. 185 |
| Appendix 7.B Effect Decomposition in Nonrecursive Models and the Equilibrium Assumption | p. 186 |
| Appendix 7.C Corrected Proportions of Explained Variance for Nonrecursive Models | p. 187 |
| Hypothesis Testing | p. 189 |
| Eyes on the Prize | p. 189 |
| State of Practice, State of Mind | p. 190 |
| A Healthy Perspective on Fit Statistics | p. 191 |
| Types of Fit Statistics and "Golden Rules" | p. 193 |
| Model Chi-Square | p. 199 |
| Approximate Fit Indexes | p. 204 |
| Visual Summaries of Fit | p. 209 |
| Recommended Approach to Model Fit Evaluation | p. 209 |
| Detailed Example | p. 210 |
| Testing Hierarchical Models | p. 214 |
| Comparing Nonhierarchical Models | p. 219 |
| Power Analysis | p. 222 |
| Equivalent and Near-Equivalent Models | p. 225 |
| Summary | p. 228 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 228 |
| Exercises | p. 229 |
| Measurement Models and Confirmatory Factor Analysis | p. 230 |
| Naming and Reification Fallacies | p. 230 |
| Estimation of CFA Models | p. 231 |
| Detailed Example | p. 233 |
| Respecification of Measurement Models | p. 240 |
| Special Topics and Tests | p. 241 |
| Items as Indicators and Other Methods for Analyzing Items | p. 244 |
| Estimated Factor Scores | p. 245 |
| Equivalent CFA Models | p. 245 |
| Hierarchical CFA Models | p. 248 |
| Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data | p. 250 |
| Measurement Invariance and Multiple-Sample CFA | p. 251 |
| Summary | p. 261 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 262 |
| Exercises | p. 262 |
| Appendix 9.A Start Value Suggestions for Measurement Models | p. 263 |
| Appendix 9.B Constraint Interaction in Measurement Models | p. 264 |
| Structural Regression Models | p. 265 |
| Analyzing SR Models | p. 265 |
| Estimation of SR Models | p. 269 |
| Detailed Example | p. 270 |
| Equivalent SR Models | p. 276 |
| Single Indicators in Partially Latent SR Models | p. 276 |
| Cause Indicators and Formative Measurement | p. 280 |
| Invariance Testing of SR Models | p. 288 |
| Reporting Results of SEM Analyses | p. 289 |
| Summary | p. 293 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 293 |
| Exercises | p. 294 |
| Appendix 10.A Constraint Interaction in SR Models | p. 295 |
| Advanced Techniques, Avoiding Mistakes | |
| Mean Structures and Latent Growth Models | p. 299 |
| Logic of Mean Structures | p. 299 |
| Identification of Mean Structures | p. 303 |
| Estimation of Mean Structures | p. 304 |
| Latent Growth Models | p. 304 |
| Structured Means in Measurement Models | p. 316 |
| MIMIC Models as an Alternative to Multiple-Sample Analysis | p. 322 |
| Summary | p. 325 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 326 |
| Interaction Effects and Multilevel SEM | p. 327 |
| Interaction Effects of Observed Variables | p. 327 |
| Interaction Effects in Path Models | p. 331 |
| Mediation and Moderation Together | p. 333 |
| Interactive Effects of Latent Variables | p. 336 |
| Estimation with the Kenny-Judd Method | p. 337 |
| Alternative Estimation Methods | p. 340 |
| Rationale of Multilevel Analysis | p. 343 |
| Basic Multilevel Techniques | p. 345 |
| Convergence of SEM and MLM | p. 348 |
| Multilevel SEM | p. 350 |
| Summary | p. 354 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 354 |
| How to Fool Yourself with SEM | p. 356 |
| Tripping at the Starting Line: Specification | p. 356 |
| Improper Care and Feeding: Data | p. 359 |
| Checking Critical Judgment at the Door: Analysis and Respecification | p. 361 |
| The Garden Path: Interpretation | p. 363 |
| Summary | p. 366 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 366 |
| Suggested Answers to Exercises | p. 367 |
| References | p. 387 |
| Author Index | p. 405 |
| Subject Index | p. 411 |
| About the Author | p. 427 |
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