Professor Case received his B.A. from Miami University in 1968; spent three years on active duty in the Army, and received his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1976. Professor Case’s research has been in the areas of real estate, housing, and public finance. He is author or coauthor of five books, including Principles of Economics, Economics and Tax Policy, and Property Taxation: The Need for Reform, and he has published numerous articles in professional journals.

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For the last 25 years, his research has focused on real estate markets and prices. He has authored numerous professional articles, many of which attempt to isolate the causes and consequences of boom and bust cycles and their relationship to regional and national economic performance.

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Ray C. Fair is Professor of Economics at Yale University. He is a member of the Cowles Foundation at Yale and a Fellow of the Econometric Society. He received a B.A. in Economics from Fresno State College in 1964 and a Ph.D. in Economics from MIT in 1968. He taught at Princeton University from 1968 to 1974 and has been at Yale since 1974. Professor Fair’s research has primarily been in the areas of macroeconomics and econometrics, with particular emphasis on macroeconometric model building.He also has done work in the areas of finance, voting behavior, and aging in sports. His publications include Specification, Estimation, and Analysis of Macroeconometric Models (Harvard Press, 1984); Testing Macroeconometric Models (Harvard Press, 1994); and Estimating How the Macroeconomy Works (Harvard Press, 2004). Professor Fair has taught introductory and intermediate macroeconomics at Yale. He has also taught graduate courses in macroeconomic theory and macroeconometrics. Professor Fair’s U.S. and multicountry models are available for use on the Internet free of charge. The address is http://fairmodel.econ.yale.edu.Many teachers have found that having students work with the U.S. model on the Internet is a useful complement to an introductory macroeconomics course.

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Sharon M. Oster is the Dean of the Yale School of Management, where she is also the Frederic Wolfe Professor of Economics and Management. Professor Oster joined Case and Fair as a coauthor in the ninth edition of this book. Professor Oster has a B.A. in Economics from Hofstra University and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University. Professor Oster’s research is in the area of industrial organization. She has worked on problems of diffusion of innovation in a number of different industries, on the effect of regulations on business, and on competitive strategy. She has published a number of articles in these areas and is the author of several books, including Modern Competitive Analysis and The Strategic Management of Nonprofits. Prior to joining the School of Management at Yale, Professor Oster taught for a number of years in Yale’s Department of Economics. In the department, Professor Oster taught introductory and intermediate microeconomics to undergraduates as well as several graduate courses in industrial organization. Since 1982, Professor Oster has taught primarily in the Management School, where she teaches the core microeconomics class for MBA students and a course in the area of competitive strategy. Professor Oster also consults widely for businesses and nonprofit organizations and has served on the boards of several publicly traded companies and nonprofit organizations.

PART I Introduction to Economics 1

1 The Scope and Method of Economics 1

2 The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice 25

3 Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium 47

4 Demand and Supply Applications 79

5 Elasticity 97

PART II The Market System: Choices Made by Households and Firms 100

6 Household Behavior and Consumer Choice 121

7 The Production Process: The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms 147

8 Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions 167

9 Long-Run Costs and Output Decisions 189

10 Input Demand: The Labor and Land Markets 215

11 Input Demand: The Capital Market and the

Investment Decision 233

12 General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition 253

PART III Market Imperfections and the Role of Government 269

13 Monopoly and Antitrust Policy 269

14 Oligopoly 293

15 Monopolistic Competition 313

16 Externalities, Public Goods, and Social Choice 329

17 Uncertainty and Asymmetric Information 353

18 Income Distribution and Poverty 367

19 Public Finance: The Economics of Taxation 389

PART IV Concepts and Problems in Macroeconomics 409

20 Introduction to Macroeconomics 409

21 Measuring National Output and National Income 420

22 Unemployment, Inflation, and Long-Run Growth 441

PART V The Core of Macroeconomic Theory 457

23 Aggregate Expenditure and Equilibrium Output 459

24 The Government and Fiscal Policy 477

25 The Money Supply and the Federal Reserve System 501

26 Money Demand and the Equilibrium Interest Rate 525

27 The Determination of Aggregate Output, the Price Level, and the Interest Rate 541

28 Policy Effects and Costs Shocks in the AS/AD Model 559

29 The Labor Market In the Macroeconomy 571

PART VI Further Macroeconomics Issues 593

30 Financial Crises, Stabilization, and Deficits 593

31 Household and Firm Behavior in the Macroeconomy: A Further Look 611

32 Long-Run Growth 635

33 Alternative Views in Macroeconomics 649

PART VII The World Economy 663

34 International Trade, Comparative Advantage, and Protectionism 663

35 Open-Economy Macroeconomics: The Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates 685

36 Economic Growth in Developing and Transitional Economies 713

Glossary

Index

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