Preface

Tab 1:  Compare and Correct, Question and Correct

     Compare and Correct                      CC1

     Question and Correct                      QC1

Tab 2:  Writing Processes

      1  Thinking About Writing

            a  The Rhetorical Triangle

            b  Topic

            c  Audience

            d  Purpose

            e  Medium

      2  Writing Processes and Strategies

            a  Planning

            b  Thesis

            c  Drafting

            d  Organizing

            e  Collaborating

            f  Revising

            g  Editing and Proofreading

      3  Paragraphs

            a  Unity

            b  Coherence

            c  Development

            d  Introductions and Conclusions

            e  Patterns of Organization

      4  Document Design

            a  Principles of Document Design

            b  Incorporating Visuals

            c  Paper Preparation

            d  Multimedia Presentations

            e  Writing for the Web

Tab 3:  Writing for College and Career

      5  Writing in the Disciplines           

            a  Writing for the Sciences

            b  Writing for the Social Sciences

            c  Writing for the Humanities

            d  Writing Essay Exams

       6  Writing About Literature           

            a  Ways to Write about Literature

            b  Writing the Assignment

            c  Conventions in Writing about Literature

            d  Sample Literature Paper

      7  Critical Reading, Thinking, and Arguing

            a  Reading Arguments Critically

            b  Finding an Arguable Topic

            c  Developing Arguments

            d  Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallacies

            e  Organizing Your Argument

            f  Sample Argument Paper

      8  Visual Argument           

            a  Similarities and Differences Between Written and Visual Arguments

            b  Appeals in Visual Argument

            c  Logical Fallacies in Visual Argument

            d  Creating Visual Arguments

      9  Professional Writing

            a  Memos

                Sample Memo

            b  E-Mail

                 Sample E-mail

            c  Business Letters

                 Sample Letter

            d  Cover Letters

                 Sample Cover Letter

            e  Résumés

                 Sample Résumés

      10  Creating Print and Electronic Portfolios

            a  Developing Portfolios

            b  E-Portfolios

Tab 4:  Revising Sentences for Accuracy, Clarity, and Variety

       11  Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

            a  Comma Splices

            b  Fused or Run-On Sentences

       12  Subject-Verb Agreement

            a  Singular and Plural Subjects

            b  Buried Subjects

            c  Compound Subjects

            d  Or and Either/Or in Subjects

            e  Clauses and Phrases as Subjects

            f  Indefinites as Subjects

            g  Collective Nouns and Amounts as Subjects

            h  Plural Words as Subjects

            i  Titles, Company Names, Words, and Quotations as Subjects

            j  Linking Verbs

            k  There (is/are), Here (is/are), and It

            l  Who, Which, That, and One of as Subjects

       13  Sentence Fragments

            a  Unintentional Fragments

            b  Intentional Fragments

       14    Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers

            a  Dangling Modifiers

            b  Misplaced Modifiers

       15    Parallel Constructions

            a  Parallel Structure

            b  Faulty Parallelism

       16    Consistency (Avoiding Shifts)

            a  Shifts in Person or Number

            b  Shifts in Verb Tense

            c  Shifts in Tone

            d  Shifts in Voice (Active/Passive)

            e  Shifts in Discourse

       17    Faulty Predication

       18    Coordination and Subordination

            a  Coordination

            b  Subordination

       19    Sentence Clarity

            a  Moving from Known (Old) to Unknown (New) Information

            b  Using Positive Instead of Negative Statements

            c  Avoiding Double Negatives

            d  Using Verbs Instead of Nouns

            e  Making the Intended Subject the Sentence Subject

            f  Using Active Instead of Passive Voice

       20    Transitions

            a  Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase

            b  Synonyms

            c  Pronouns

            d  Transitional Words and Phrases

            e  Transitions In and Between Paragraphs

       21    Sentence Variety

            a  Combining Sentences

            b  Adding Words

            c  Changing Words, Phrases, and Clauses

Tab 5:  Parts of Sentences

       22    Verbs

            a  Verb Phrases

            b  Verb Forms

            c  Verb Tense

            d  Verb Voice (Active/Passive)

            e  Verb Mood

            f  Modal Verbs

       23    Nouns and Pronouns

            a  Nouns

            b  Pronouns

       24    Pronoun Case and Reference

            a  Pronoun Case

            b  Pronoun Reference

       25    Adjectives and Adverbs

            a  Adjectives and Adverbs

            b  A/An/The

            c  Comparisons

       26    Prepositions

            a  Common Prepositions

            b  Idiomatic Expressions

            c  Other Prepositions

       27    Subjects

       28    Phrases

     29  Clauses

            a  Independent Clauses

            b  Dependent Clauses

       30    Essential and Nonessential Clauses and Phrases

            a  Essential Clauses and Phrases

            b  Nonessential Clauses and Phrases

       31    Sentences

            a  Sentence Purposes

            b  Sentence Structures

Tab 6:  Style and Word Choice

       32  Style Versus Grammar

       33  General and Specific Language

           a  General Versus Specific Statements

           b  General Versus Specific Words

           c  Concrete Versus Abstract Words

       34  Glossary of Usage

       35  Conciseness and Wordiness

       36  Passive Versus Active Voice

       37    Unnecessary and Inappropriate Language

            a  Clichés

            b  Pretentious Language

            c  Offensive Language

       38    Appropriate Language

            a  Standard English

            b  Levels of Formality

            c  Emphasis

            d  Denotation and Connotation

            e  Colloquialisms, Slang Terms, and Regionalisms

            f  Jargon and Technical Terms

       39    Nonsexist Language

            a  Alternatives to Man

            b  Alternative Job Titles

            c  Alternatives to the Male or Female Pronoun

Tab 7:  Punctuation

       40    Commas

           a  Commas in Compound Sentences

           b  Commas After Introductory Words, Phrases, and Clauses

           c  Commas with Essential and Nonessential Words, Phrases, and Clauses

           d  Commas in Series and Lists

           e  Commas with Adjectives

           f  Commas with Dates, Addresses, Geographical Names, and Numbers

           g  Other Uses for Commas

           h  Unnecessary Commas

       41   Apostrophes

           a  Apostrophes with Possessives

           b  Apostrophes with Contractions

           c  Apostrophes with Plurals

           d  Unnecessary Apostrophes

       42   Semicolons

           a  Semicolons in Compound Sentences

           b  Semicolons in a Series

           c  Semicolons with Quotation Marks

           d  Unnecessary Semicolons

       43   Colons

           a  Colons to Announce Elements at the End of a Sentence

           b  Colons to Separate Independent Clauses

           c  Colons to Announce Quotations

           d  Colons in Salutations and Between Elements

           e  Colons with Quotation Marks

           f  Unnecessary Colons

       44   Quotation Marks

           a  Quotation Marks with Direct and Indirect Quotations

           b  Quotation Marks for Minor Titles and Parts of Wholes

           c  Quotation Marks for Words

           d  Use of Other Punctuation with Quotation Marks

           e  Unnecessary Quotation Marks

       45   Hyphens

           a  Hyphens to Divide Words

           b  Hyphens to Form Compound Words

           c  Hyphens to Join Word Units

           d  Hyphens to Join Prefixes, Suffixes, and Letters to a Word

           e  Hyphens to Avoid Ambiguity

       46   End Punctuation

           a  Periods

           b  Question Marks

           c  Exclamation Points

       47  Other Punctuation

            a  Dashes

            b  Slashes

            c  Parentheses

            d  Brackets

            e  Ellipses (Omitted Words)

Tab 8:  Mechanics and Spelling

       48  Capitals

       49  Abbreviations

            a  Abbreviating Numbers

            b  Abbreviating Titles

            c  Abbreviating Place Names

            d  Abbreviating Measurements

            e  Abbreviating Dates

            f  Abbreviating Initials Used as Names

            g  Abbreviating Latin Expressions

            h  Abbreviating Documentation

      50    Numbers

      51    Italics

            a  Italics for Titles

            b  Italics for Other Uses

       52    Spelling

            a  Proofreading

            b  Spell-Checkers

            c  Some Spelling Guidelines

            d  Plurals

            e  Sound-Alike Words (Homonyms)

Tab 9:  For Multilingual Writers

        53    American Style in Writing

            a  American Style

            b  English Grammar vs. Grammar of Other Languages

            c  American English and World Englishes

            d  Web Sites for ESL Resources

      54   Verbs

            a  Verbs

            b  Helping Verbs with Main Verbs

            c  Two-Word (Phrasal) Verbs

            d  Verbs with –ing and to+ Verb Forms

       55  Omitted and Repeated Words

            a  Omitted Subjects

            b  Repeated Subjects

       56  Pronouns and Adverbs

       57    Count and Noncount Nouns

        58   Adjectives and Adverbs

           a  Order of Adverbs

           b  Order of Adjectives

           c  A/An/The

           d  Some/Any, Much/Many, Little/Few, Less/Fewer, Enough, No

        59  Prepositions

        60      Idioms

Tab 10:  Research

       61  Finding a Topic

            a  Deciding on a Purpose and Audience

            b  Deciding on a Topic

            c  Narrowing the Topic

            d  Formulating a Research Question

            e  Formulating a Thesis

       62  Choosing Primary and Secondary Sources

            a  Primary Sources

            b  Secondary Sources

       63  Searching Libraries and Library Databases       

            a  Libraries

            b  Library Databases and Subscription Services

       64  Using Web Resources

            a  Internet Search Strategies

            b  Types of Internet Sources

       65  Conducting Firsthand Research

            a  Observations

            b  Interviews

            c  Surveys

      66  Evaluating Sources

            a  Getting Started

            b  Evaluating Authors’ Credibility

            c  Evaluating Content

            d  Evaluating Internet Sources

      67  Collecting Information

            a  Keeping Notes

            b  Printing and Annotating Photocopies and Printouts

            c  Writing an Annotated Bibliography

      68  Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

            a  Understanding Plagiarism

            b  Documenting Sources Responsibly

            c  Summarizing without Plagiarism

            d  Paraphrasing without Plagiarism

            e  Using Quotation Marks to Avoid Plagiarism

            f  Using Signal Words and Phrases to Integrate Sources

       69 Writing the Research Paper

            a  Getting Started

            b  Planning and Organizing

            c  Writing a Draft

            d  Reviewing the Draft

            e  Revising, Editing, and Checking the Format

Tab 11:  MLA Documentation

          70  Documenting in MLA Style

            a  In-Text Citations

            b  Notes

            c  Works Cited List

            d  Sample MLA-Style Research Paper

Tab 12:  APA, CM, and CSE Documentation

           71  Documenting in APA Style

            a  In-Text Citations

            b  Footnotes

            c  References List

            d  Sample APA-Style Research Paper

         72  Chicago Manual (CM)Style

            a  Numbered Notes

            b  Author-Date Citation Format

            c  Bibliography Entries

         73  Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style

            a  Name-Year Style

            b  Citation Sequence Style

            c  References List

            74  Resources for Other Styles

Glossary of Grammatical Terms

Index

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