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Practical Statistics for Educators

ISBN: 9780761831822 | 0761831827
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc
Pub. Date: 7/6/2005

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
Practical Statistics for Educators, Third Edition focuses specifically on the application of research and statistics to education. A clear and easy-to-follow text for the education student in a basic statistics course, this book serves as a resource for educators who need to conduct research. The Third Edition includes newly drawn graphs, an expanded index, and a revised and reorganized glossary that lists and defines the concepts and terms that are introduced in the book.
Prefaceix
Part One: Introduction
An Overview of Educational Research
3(18)
Basic (Pure), Ap... MORE
3(1)
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
4(1)
Experimental vs. Nonexperimental Research
5(12)
Experimental Research
5(2)
Threats to Internal Validity
7(1)
Threats to External Validity
8(1)
Comparing Groups
8(4)
Comparing Individuals
12(3)
Nonexperimental Research
15(1)
Casual-Comparative (ex post facto) Reasearch
15(1)
Descriptive Research
15(2)
Summary
17(4)
Basic Concepts in Statistics
21(22)
Variables and Measurement Scales
21(2)
Nominal Scale
22(1)
Ordinal Scale
22(1)
Interval Scale
22(1)
Ratio Scale
22(1)
Populations and Samples
23(1)
Parameters and Statistics
23(1)
Methods of Sampling
24(1)
Simple Random Sample
24(1)
Systematic Sample
24(1)
Stratified Sample
25(1)
Convenience Sample
25(1)
Sample Bias
25(1)
Size of Sample
26(1)
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics
26(1)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
27(1)
Using Hypotheses in Research
27(2)
Alternative and Null Hypotheses
28(1)
Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses
28(1)
Probability and Level of Significance
29(1)
Errors in Decision Making
30(1)
Degrees of Freedom
30(1)
Effect Size
30(3)
Using Samples to Estimate Population Values
33(2)
Standard Error of the Mean
34(1)
Confidence Intervals
34(1)
Steps in the Process of Hypothesis Testing
35(1)
And Finally
36(1)
Summary
36(7)
Part Two: Descriptive Statistics
Organizing and Graphing Data
43(18)
Organizing Data
43(4)
Frequency Distribution
43(1)
Class Intervals
44(1)
Cumulative Frequency Distributions
45(2)
Graphing Data
47(11)
Histogram and Frequency Polygon
47(3)
Comparing Histograms and Frequency Polygons
50(1)
Graphing Cumulative Frequency Distributions
50(1)
Pie Graph
51(1)
Bar Graph
52(3)
Line Graph
55(1)
Box Plot
56(2)
Drawing Accurate Graphs
58(1)
Summary
59(2)
Measures of Central Tendency
61(6)
Mode
61(1)
Median
62(1)
Mean
63(1)
Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean
64(1)
Summary
65(2)
Measures of Variability
67(12)
The Range
68(1)
Deviation Scores
68(1)
Standard Deviation and Variance
69(5)
Computing the Variance and SD for Populations and Samples
71(1)
Using the Variance and SD
72(1)
Variance and SD in Distributions with Extreme Scores
73(1)
Factors Affecting the Variance and SD
73(1)
Summary
74(5)
Part Three: The Normal Curve and Standard Scores
The Normal Curve and Standard Scores
79(10)
The Normal Curve
79(2)
Standard Scores
81(5)
Z Scores
82(1)
T Scores
83(1)
Other Converted Scores
84(1)
The Normal Curve and Percentile Ranks
84(2)
Summary
86(3)
Interpreting Test Scores
89(8)
Norm-Referenced Tests
89(3)
Percentile Ranks
90(1)
Stanines
91(1)
Grade Equivalents
91(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests
92(1)
Summary
93(4)
Part Four: Measuring Relationships
Correlation
97(14)
Graphing Correlation
97(4)
Pearson Product Moment
101(3)
Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient
101(1)
Hypotheses for Correlation
102(1)
Computing Pearson Correlation
103(1)
Factors Affecting the Correlation
104(2)
The Coefficient of Determination
106(1)
Intercorrelation Tables
107(1)
Correlation Tables
108(1)
Summary
109(2)
Prediction and Regression
111(12)
Simple Regression
112(6)
The Standard Error of Estimate (SE)
114(1)
An Example of Simple Regression
114(2)
Computing the Standard Error of Estimate
116(1)
Graphing the Regression Equation
117(1)
The Coefficient of Determination (r2)
117(1)
Multiple Regression
118(1)
Summary
119(4)
Part Five: Inferential Statistics
t Test
123(12)
Hypotheses for t Tests
123(2)
Using the t Test
125(1)
t Test for Independent Samples
125(4)
An Example of a t Test for Independent Samples
126(3)
t Test for Paired Samples
129(2)
An Example of a t Test for Paired Samples
130(1)
t Test for a Single Sample
131(2)
An Example of a Single Sample t Test
132(1)
Summary
133(2)
Analysis of Variance
135(18)
One-Way ANOVA
137(8)
Conceptualizing the One-Way ANOVA
137(3)
Hypotheses for a One-Way ANOVA
140(1)
The ANOVA Summary Table
140(1)
Further Interpretation of the F Ratio
140(1)
An Example of a One-Way ANOVA
141(2)
Post Hoc Comparisons
143(2)
Two-Way ANOVA
145(6)
Conceptualizing the Two-Way ANOVA
145(1)
Hypotheses for the Two-Way ANOVA
145(1)
Graphing the Interaction
146(2)
The Two-Way ANOVA Summary Table
148(1)
An Example of a Two-Way ANOVA
148(3)
Summary
151(2)
Chi Square Test
153(10)
Assumptions for the Chi Square Test
154(1)
The Goodness of Fit Chi Square Test
154(2)
Equal Expected Frequencies
155(1)
Unequal Expected Frequencies
155(1)
The Chi Square Test of Independence
156(3)
Computation of Expected Frequencies for Chi Square Test of Independence
159(1)
Summary
160(3)
Part Six: Reliability and Validity
Reliability
163(8)
Understanding the Theory of Reliability
163(1)
Methods of Assessing Reliability
164(3)
Test-Retest Reliability
164(1)
Alternate Forms Reliability
165(1)
Measures of Internal Consistency
165(1)
Inter-Rater Reliability
166(1)
The Standard Error of Measurement
167(1)
Factors Affecting Reliability
168(1)
Heterogeneity of the Group
168(1)
Test Length
168(1)
Difficulty of Items
168(1)
Quality of Items
168(1)
How High Should the Reliability Be?
168(1)
Summary
169(2)
Validity
171(6)
Content Validity
171(1)
Criterion-Related Validity
172(1)
Concurrent Validity
172(1)
Predictive Validity
172(1)
Construct Validity
173(1)
Face Validity
173(1)
Assessing Validity
173(1)
Test Bias
174(1)
Summary
174(3)
Part Seven: Conducting Your Own Research
Planning and Conducting Research Studies
177(10)
Research Ethics
178(1)
The Research Proposal
178(4)
Introduction
179(1)
Literature Review
180(1)
Methodology
180(2)
References
182(1)
The Research Report
182(2)
Results
183(1)
Discussion
184(1)
Summary
184(3)
Choosing the Right Statistical Tests
187(8)
Choosing a Statistical Test: A Decision Flowchart
187(2)
Examples
189(1)
Example 1
189(1)
Example 2
189(1)
Scenarios
190(2)
Answers
192(3)
Appendixes
195(14)
Appendix A: Z Scores and Percentage of Area Under the Normal Curve Between any Given Z-Score and the Mean
197(3)
Appendix B: Values of the Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r) for Different Levels of Significance
200(1)
Appendix C: Distribution of t
201(1)
Appendix D: The 5 Percent and 1 Percent Points for the Distribution of F
202(4)
Appendix E: Distribution of Studentized Range Statistic
206(2)
Appendix F: Distribution of Chi Square (Χ2)
208(1)
List of Statistical Symbols209(2)
Glossary211(10)
Index221
Ruth Ravid is Professor, National College of Education, National-Louis University, Illinois

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