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| Preface | p. ix |
| An Overview of Political Communication Issues | p. 1 |
| Political Communication: An Introduction | p. 3 |
| Academic Observers vs. Professional Practitioners | p. 6 |
| The Outside View of Academics | p. 7 |
| The Inside View of Political Professionals | p. 9 |
| Areas of Research Related to Political Campaign Communication | p. 11 |
| Persuasion | p. 11 |
| O... MORE | p. 11 |
| Interview with James T. Kitchens | p. 12 |
| Advertising | p. 14 |
| Marketing | p. 14 |
| Group Communication | p. 15 |
| Political Science | p. 15 |
| The Distinctive Nature of Political Communication | p. 16 |
| Defining Political Communication | p. 17 |
| Summary | p. 19 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 20 |
| Political Socialization: The Development of Political Attitudes | p. 21 |
| Major Socialization Agents | p. 23 |
| Family | p. 23 |
| Media | p. 24 |
| Political Parties | p. 25 |
| Other Socialization Agents | p. 28 |
| Peers | p. 28 |
| Schools | p. 28 |
| Political Socialization Styles | p. 29 |
| The Invisible Youth Vote | p. 30 |
| The Social Cost of Voting | p. 32 |
| Partisan Orientations and the Political Consultant | p. 33 |
| Summary | p. 36 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 37 |
| Campaign Strategies | p. 38 |
| Strategy Analysis | p. 39 |
| SWOT Analysis | p. 39 |
| Who'll Say What | p. 40 |
| CAT Analysis | p. 41 |
| Situational Analysis | p. 42 |
| Two Strategic Models | p. 43 |
| The In Man-Out Man Strategy | p. 43 |
| Assumed Incumbency Strategy | p. 45 |
| Three Traditional Models | p. 46 |
| The Easy Decision | p. 46 |
| Ticket-Splitting | p. 47 |
| The Least Objectionable Candidate | p. 48 |
| Two Strategies for the Twenty-first Century | p. 49 |
| Partisan Politics and "The Permanent Majority" | p. 49 |
| The Political Brain | p. 51 |
| Positional Strategies | p. 52 |
| Summary | p. 53 |
| The Image of the Political Candidate | p. 55 |
| The Nature of Candidate Images | p. 56 |
| The Development of Candidate Images | p. 58 |
| Cognition | p. 59 |
| Evaluations | p. 59 |
| Behavioral Manifestations | p. 60 |
| Image Influences on Election Decisions | p. 61 |
| Campaign Influences on Images | p. 62 |
| The Role of Gender | p. 64 |
| Summary | p. 65 |
| Media Theory and Political Communication | p. 67 |
| The Bullet Theory (Hypodermic Model) | p. 68 |
| Propaganda Techniques | p. 69 |
| Propaganda Techniques | p. 69 |
| The Limited Effects Model | p. 70 |
| Criticisms | p. 72 |
| Campaign Implications | p. 73 |
| Agenda Setting | p. 73 |
| Agenda-Setting Models | p. 74 |
| Research Considerations | p. 75 |
| Low Motivation | p. 76 |
| Uses-Gratification | p. 78 |
| Relational Theories | p. 82 |
| The Friendship Theory | p. 82 |
| Political Relationships | p. 82 |
| Influence Gaps | p. 83 |
| Other Issues | p. 84 |
| Summary | p. 87 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 88 |
| The Campaign Team | p. 89 |
| Campaign Organization | p. 91 |
| Organizational Roles | p. 93 |
| Political Parties | p. 100 |
| Summary | p. 100 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 101 |
| Campaign Communications in the Mass Media | p. 102 |
| The Effectiveness of the Process | p. 103 |
| Schools of Consulting | p. 104 |
| The Tasks of the Consultant | p. 105 |
| Message Development | p. 105 |
| Scriptwriting | p. 105 |
| Cinematography and Videography | p. 106 |
| Editing | p. 107 |
| Time Buying | p. 107 |
| Decisional Strategies for Time | |
| Buying | p. 109 |
| Traffic | p. 110 |
| Other Campaign Media | p. 110 |
| Newspaper Ads | p. 110 |
| Outdoor Advertising | p. 113 |
| Books | p. 114 |
| The Ongoing Process | p. 115 |
| Summary | p. 116 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 117 |
| Campaign Communications Direct Voter Contact | p. 118 |
| Phone Banks (Political Telemarketing) | p. 119 |
| The Functions of Phone Banks | p. 119 |
| The Telephone Bank Process | p. 122 |
| Other Types of Telephone Banks | p. 123 |
| The Weaknesses of Telephone Banks | p. 124 |
| Something New Under the Sun | p. 124 |
| Direct Mail | p. 125 |
| Case Study: Election Day in Florida, 2000 | p. 126 |
| Summary | p. 128 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 129 |
| Political Speeches | p. 130 |
| The Nature of Political Speeches | p. 131 |
| The Speechwriter and the Process | p. 136 |
| Message Framing | p. 137 |
| Word Choice | p. 138 |
| Sound Bites | p. 139 |
| Humor | p. 141 |
| Types of Campaign Speeches | p. 142 |
| The Stump Speech | p. 142 |
| The Issue Speech | p. 143 |
| The Event Speech | p. 144 |
| Playing Defense | p. 144 |
| The Apology-The Mea Culpa | p. 145 |
| The Nonspeech | p. 146 |
| The Speech Not Given | p. 146 |
| Influencing the Situation | p. 147 |
| Summary | p. 148 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 148 |
| Cyberspace: The Internet and Political Communications | p. 149 |
| The Early Years of Internet and Politics | p. 150 |
| Fund-Raising | p. 154 |
| Viral Videos | p. 155 |
| Social Media | p. 158 |
| Voter Contact | p. 159 |
| Back to the FutureùVolunteers | p. 159 |
| Political Blogs | p. 160 |
| The Negative Side of Internet Politics | p. 160 |
| Summary | p. 161 |
| Political Polling | p. 162 |
| Types of Political Polling | p. 163 |
| Benchmark Survey | p. 163 |
| Tracking Polls | p. 164 |
| Other Polls and Surveys | p. 164 |
| Exit Polling | p. 165 |
| Focus Groups | p. 166 |
| Cyberpolling | p. 168 |
| Robo-Polling | p. 169 |
| Interview with John Anzalone: Polling in the Twenty-first Century | p. 170 |
| Internet Polling | p. 173 |
| The Process of Political Polling | p. 174 |
| Questionnaire Development | p. 174 |
| Sampling | p. 177 |
| Interviewing | p. 178 |
| Data Analysis | p. 178 |
| Levels of Confidence and the Confidence Interval | p. 178 |
| Report Writing | p. 179 |
| What Can Go Wrong | p. 179 |
| The Ethical Controversy Generated by Political Polling | p. 180 |
| Pseudopolling | p. 183 |
| Call-in Surveys | p. 183 |
| Push Polls | p. 183 |
| Summary | p. 184 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 185 |
| Campaign Concerns | p. 187 |
| Press Coverage and Media Relations | p. 189 |
| Factors Influencing News Coverage | p. 191 |
| Candidate Credibility | p. 191 |
| Nature of the News | p. 192 |
| Nature of the Office | p. 193 |
| Location | p. 193 |
| Candidate-Reporter Relationships | p. 194 |
| Pack Journalism | p. 195 |
| Embedding | p. 196 |
| News Priming | p. 197 |
| Topics for News Coverage | p. 197 |
| Events | p. 197 |
| Issues | p. 198 |
| Scandals and Controversies | p. 198 |
| The Horse Race | p. 199 |
| Personal Lives | p. 199 |
| Campaign Advertisements | p. 200 |
| Narrative Examples | p. 201 |
| Types of News Coverage | p. 202 |
| Straight News | p. 202 |
| Editorials | p. 202 |
| Sunday News Shows | p. 203 |
| The Role of the Press Secretary | p. 204 |
| The Issue of Media Bias | p. 205 |
| Politics and Entertainment Media | p. 206 |
| Summary | p. 206 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 207 |
| The Role of Political Money | p. 208 |
| The Role of Political Money | p. 209 |
| Rules of the Game | p. 211 |
| Campaign Contributions | p. 211 |
| Spending Limits | p. 212 |
| Reporting Requirements | p. 213 |
| Circumventing the Rules | p. 213 |
| Changes for 2010 | p. 216 |
| Fund-Raising Techniques | p. 217 |
| Host Events | p. 217 |
| Direct Mail | p. 217 |
| Online Contributions | p. 218 |
| Bundling | p. 219 |
| Summary | p. 220 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 220 |
| The Role of Interpersonal Influence | p. 221 |
| Interpersonal Opinion Leadership | p. 222 |
| The Two-Step Flow | p. 222 |
| Interpersonal Utility (Anticipated Communications) | p. 222 |
| Rumors | p. 223 |
| Political Elites | p. 224 |
| Political Lobbying | p. 226 |
| Nature of the Profession | p. 226 |
| Tools of the Trade | p. 227 |
| The Revolving Door | p. 229 |
| Legislative Cue-Giving | p. 230 |
| Campaign Implications | p. 231 |
| Summary | p. 232 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 233 |
| Critical Events Analysis | p. 234 |
| Antecedent Conditions | p. 235 |
| Dissemination of Information | p. 235 |
| Voter Interest | p. 236 |
| Identifying Critical Events | p. 237 |
| Studying Critical Events | p. 238 |
| A Design for Critical Events Analysis | p. 238 |
| Debates as Critical Events | p. 240 |
| The Consultant's View: Planning and Coping with Critical Events | p. 242 |
| Mistake-Based Critical Events | p. 244 |
| Summary | p. 245 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 246 |
| Ethical Questions in Political Communication | p. 247 |
| Types of Unethical Behavior | p. 248 |
| Ballot Stuffing | p. 248 |
| Scandals | p. 250 |
| Conflicts of Interest | p. 251 |
| Dirty Tricks | p. 252 |
| Resume Inflation | p. 253 |
| Negative Campaigning | p. 254 |
| Settling an Election with Dominoes | p. 258 |
| Efforts to Reduce Negative Campaigning | p. 260 |
| The Role of Consultants | p. 260 |
| Becoming Critical Observers of the Process | p. 262 |
| The Sour Grapes Syndrome | p. 262 |
| Understanding the Media | p. 263 |
| Identifying One's Own Biases | p. 264 |
| Summary | p. 264 |
| Questions for Discussion | p. 265 |
| References | p. 266 |
| Index | p. 297 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |