This fourth edition reflects advances and emerging technologies in the field of root science. It covers the origin and characteristics of roots, root genetics and molecular biology, research techniques, the regulation of root growth, physiological aspects, root growth under stress, rhizosphere interaction, roots of various ecological groups, and roots of economic value. New chapters cover root genomics, cellular patterning in root meristems, patterning of root epidermis, cambial activity in roots, rice root systems, root proteomics, root metabolomics, nitrogen and phosphorous metabolism in roots, roots as carbon storage systems, roots of dune plants, and ecophysiology of roots of halophytes.