Rent 9780072509779 | Physics of Everyday Phenomena : A Conceptual Introduction to Physics

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Physics, the Fundamental Science	p. 1
The Scientific Enterprise	p. 2
The Scope of Physics	p. 4
The Case of the Malfunctioning Coffee Pot	p. 5
The Role of Measurement and Mathematics in Physics	p. 7
Physics and Everday Phenomena	p. 9
How to Use the Features of This Book	p. 10
Sample Question: How Reliable Is Astrology?	p. 12
Sample Exercise: Conversions	p. 12
Summary	p. 13
Key Terms	p. 13
Questions	p. 13
Exercises	p. 14
Challenge Problem	p. 14
Home Experiment and Observation	p. 14
The newtonian Revolution
Describing Motion	p. 16
Average and Instantaneous Speed	p. 17
Unit Conversions	p. 18
Velocity	p. 20
Acceleration	p. 21
Sample Exercise: Negative Accelerations	p. 23
Graphing Motion	p. 24
The 100-m Dash	p. 26
Uniform Acceleration	p. 27
Sample Exercise: Uniform Acceleration	p. 29
Summary	p. 30
Key Terms	p. 31
Questions	p. 31
Exercises	p. 32
Challenge Problems	p. 33
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 34
Falling Objects and Projectile Motion	p. 35
Acceleration Due to Gravity	p. 36
Tracking a Falling Object	p. 39
Sample Exercise: Throwing a Ball Downward	p. 41
Beyond Free Fall: Throwing a Ball Upward	p. 41
Sample Exercise: Throwing a Ball Upward	p. 43
Projectile Motion	p. 43
Sample Exercise: Projectile Motion	p. 45
Hitting a Target	p. 46
Shooting a Basketball	p. 48
Summary	p. 49
Key Terms	p. 50
Questions	p. 50
Exercises	p. 52
Challenge Problems	p. 53
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 53
Newton's Laws: Explaining Motion	p. 54
A Brief History	p. 55
Newton's First and Second Laws	p. 57
Sample Exercise: Finding the Net Force	p. 59
Mass and Weight	p. 60
Sample Exercise: Computing Weights	p. 61
Newton's Third Law	p. 62
Riding an Elevator	p. 64
Applications of Newton's Laws	p. 65
Sample Exercise: Connected Objects	p. 68
Summary	p. 69
Key Terms	p. 69
Questions	p. 70
Exercises	p. 71
Challenge Problems	p. 72
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 73
Circular Motion, the Planets, and Gravity	p. 74
Centripetal Acceleration	p. 75
Sample Exercise: Circular Motion of a Ball on a String	p. 77
Centripetal Forces	p. 78
Planetary Motion	p. 80
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	p. 84
Gravity, Your Weight, and the Weight of the Earth	p. 86
The Moon and Other Satellites	p. 87
Explaining the Tides	p. 89
Summary	p. 90
Key Terms	p. 91
Questions	p. 91
Exercises	p. 93
Challenge Problems	p. 93
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 94
Energy and Oscillations	p. 95
Simple Machines, Work, and Power	p. 96
Sample Exercise: How Much Work?	p. 98
Kinetic Energy	p. 99
Sample Exercise: Work and Kinetic Energy	p. 100
Potential Energy	p. 101
Sample Exercise: Potential Energy	p. 101
Conservation of Energy	p. 103
Sample Exercise: The Swing of a Pendulum	p. 105
Energy and the Pole Vault	p. 106
Springs and Simple Harmonic Motion	p. 107
Summary	p. 110
Key Terms	p. 111
Questions	p. 111
Exercises	p. 112
Challenge Problems	p. 113
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 114
Momentum and Impulse	p. 115
Momentum and Impulse	p. 116
Sample Exercise: The Momentum and Impulse of Golf	p. 119
Conservation of Momentum	p. 119
Sample Exercise: A Head-on Collision	p. 121
Recoil	p. 121
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions	p. 123
Sample Exercise: When Railroad Cars Couple	p. 124
Collisions at an Angle	p. 125
An Automobile Collision	p. 127
Summary	p. 129
Key Terms	p. 129
Questions	p. 130
Exercises	p. 131
Challenge Problems	p. 132
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 133
Rotational Motion of Solid Objects	p. 134
What Is Rotational Motion?	p. 135
Sample Exercise: Rotating a Merry-Go-Round	p. 137
Torque and Balance	p. 138
Sample Exercise: Balancing a System	p. 140
Rotational Interia and Newton's Second Law	p. 141
Sample Exercise: Turning a Merry-Go-Round and a Rider	p. 144
Conservation of Angular Momentum	p. 144
Sample Exercise: Some Physics of Figure Skating	p. 146
Achieving the State of Yo	p. 147
Riding a Bicycle and Other Amazing Feats	p. 148
Summary	p. 151
Key Terms	p. 152
Questions	p. 152
Exercises	p. 153
Challenge Problems	p. 154
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 155
Fluids and Heat
The Behavior of Fluids	p. 158
Pressure and Pascal's Principle	p. 159
Sample Exercise: Some Basics of Jacks	p. 161
Atmospheric Pressure and the Behavior of Gases	p. 162
Sample Exercise: How Does a Gas Change with Pressure?	p. 165
Archimedes' Principle	p. 165
Fluids in Motion	p. 168
Bernoulli's Principle	p. 171
Throwing a Curve Ball	p. 174
Summary	p. 175
Key Terms	p. 176
Questions	p. 176
Exercises	p. 177
Challenge Problems	p. 178
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 178
Temperature and Heat	p. 179
Temperature and Its Measurement	p. 180
Heat and Specific Heat Capacity	p. 183
Sample Exercise: Changing Ice to Water	p. 186
Joule's Experiment and the First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 186
Sample Exercise: Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 189
Gas Behavior and the First Law	p. 189
The Flow of Heat	p. 192
Solar Collectors and the Greenhouse Effect	p. 194
Summary	p. 195
Key Terms	p. 196
Questions	p. 197
Exercises	p. 198
Challenge Problems	p. 198
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 199
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 200
Heat Engines	p. 201
Sample Exercise: How Efficient Is This Engine?	p. 202
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 204
Sample Exercise: Carnot Efficiency	p. 205
Refrigerators, Heat Pumps, and Entropy	p. 206
Thermal Power Plants and Energy Resources	p. 209
Perpetual Motion and Energy Frauds	p. 212
A Productive Pond	p. 214
Summary	p. 215
Key Terms	p. 216
Questions	p. 216
Exercises	p. 217
Challenge Problems	p. 218
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 219
Electricity and Magnetism
Electrostatic Phenomena	p. 222
Effects of Electric Charge	p. 223
Insulators and Conductors	p. 226
The Electrostatic Force: Coulomb's Law	p. 228
Sample Exercise: Calculating Electrostatic Force	p. 230
The Electric Field	p. 231
Sample Exercise: An Electric Field	p. 232
Electric Potential	p. 233
Sample Exercise: Finding the Electric Potential	p. 235
Lightning	p. 237
Summary	p. 238
Key Terms	p. 239
Questions	p. 239
Exercises	p. 240
Challenge Problems	p. 241
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 242
Electric Circuits	p. 243
Electric Circuits and Electric Current	p. 244
Ohm's Law and Resistance	p. 247
Sample Exercise: Examining a Circuit's Current and Voltage	p. 249
Series and Parallel Circuits	p. 249
Sample Exercise: Resistance and Current of Light Bulbs in Parallel	p. 253
Electric Energy and Power	p. 254
Sample Exercise: Analyzing a Circuit	p. 256
Alternating Current and Household Circuits	p. 257
The Hidden Switch in Your Toaster	p. 259
Sample Exercise: Light-Bulb Physics	p. 260
Summary	p. 261
Key Terms	p. 262
Questions	p. 263
Exercises	p. 265
Challenge Problems	p. 266
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 266
Magnets and Electromagnetism	p. 268
Magnets and the Magnetic Force	p. 269
Magnetic Effects of Electric Currents	p. 272
Sample Exercise: Magnetic Force	p. 275
Magnetic Effects of Current Loops	p. 275
Direct-Current Motors	p. 278
Farady's Law: Electromagnetic Induction	p. 279
Sample Exercise: How Much Voltage Is Induced?	p. 281
Generators and Transformers	p. 282
Summary	p. 285
Key Terms	p. 286
Questions	p. 286
Exercises	p. 287
Challenge Problems	p. 288
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 288
Wave Motion and Optics
Making Waves	p. 292
Wave Pulses and Periodic Waves	p. 293
Waves on a Rope	p. 295
Sample Exercise: Making Waves	p. 297
Interference and Standing Waves	p. 298
Sample Exercise: Waves and Harmonics	p. 300
Sound Waves	p. 301
A Moving Car Horn and the Doppler Effect	p. 304
Electromagnetic Waves	p. 305
Sample Exercise: Frequencies of Two Kinds of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 308
Summary	p. 309
Key Terms	p. 310
Questions	p. 310
Exercises	p. 311
Challenge Problems	p. 312
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 313
Light and Image Formation	p. 314
Reflection and Image Formation	p. 315
Refraction of Light	p. 318
Rainbows	p. 322
Lenses and Image Formation	p. 322
Sample Exercise: A Virtual Magnified Image	p. 325
Eyeglasses, Microscopes, and Telescopes	p. 326
Interference and Diffraction of Light	p. 331
Sample Exercise: Working with the Double-Slit Experiment	p. 333
Summary	p. 335
Key Terms	p. 336
Questions	p. 336
Exercises	p. 337
Challenge Problems	p. 338
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 338
The atom and Its nucleus
The Structure of the Atom	p. 342
The Existence of Atoms: Evidence from Chemistry	p. 343
Cathode Rays, Electrons, and X Rays	p. 347
Electrons and Television	p. 348
Radioactivity and the Discovery of the Nucleus	p. 351
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Model of the Atom	p. 354
Sample Exercise: Energy Levels in a Hydrogen Atom	p. 358
Particle Waves and Quantum Mechanics	p. 358
Summary	p. 362
Key Terms	p. 363
Questions	p. 363
Exercises	p. 364
Challenge Problems	p. 364
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 365
The Nucleus and Nuclear Energy	p. 366
The Structure of the Nucleus	p. 367
Radioactive Decay	p. 370
Radiation Exposure	p. 373
Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Fission	p. 374
Sample Exercise: Transforming Mass Energy into Kinetic Energy	p. 375
Nuclear Reactors	p. 377
What Happened at Chernobyl?	p. 380
Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Fusion	p. 382
Summary	p. 386
Key Terms	p. 387
Questions	p. 387
Exercises	p. 388
Challenge Problems	p. 388
Home Experiment and Observation	p. 389
Relativity and Beyond
Relativity	p. 392
Relative Motion in Classical Physics	p. 393
The Speed of Light and Einstein's Postulates	p. 396
Time Dilation and Length Contraction	p. 400
Sample Exercise: A Contraction in Length	p. 403
Newton's Laws and Mass-Energy Equivalence	p. 403
The Twin Paradox	p. 404
Sample Exercise: Adding Energy Adds Mass	p. 406
General Relativity	p. 407
Summary	p. 411
Key Terms	p. 411
Questions	p. 412
Exercises	p. 413
Challenge Problems	p. 413
Home Experiment and Observation	p. 414
Beyond Everyday Phenomena	p. 415
Quarks and Other Elementary Particles	p. 416
Cosmology and the Beginning of Time	p. 420
Semiconductors and Microelectronics	p. 422
Computers and Artificial Intelligence	p. 426
Superconductors and Other New Materials	p. 428
Holograms	p. 431
Summary	p. 433
Key Terms	p. 433
Questions	p. 434
Exercises	p. 434
Challenge Problems	p. 435
Home Experiments and Observations	p. 435
Using Simple Algebra	p. 437
Decimal Fractions, Percentages, and Scientific Notation	p. 441
Vectors and Vector Addition	p. 445
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Challenge Problems	p. 451
Photo Credits	p. 454
Glossary	p. 455
Index	p. 465
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