Rent 9780072826968 | Physical Geology : Earth Revealed | McGeary, David; Plummer, Charles C.; Carlson, Diane H. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

This text, which includes the same information as the market-leading Physical Geology 9th edition, is for the professor who wants to use the same valuable information and engaging format but in a different teaching sequence. Coverage of plate tectonics is moved to the beginning of the book. The text is also used as the official Annenberg CPB distributed telecourse for physical geology. The beautiful new art program and interactive writing style will grab students' attention and further their interest in the subject.

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Meet the Authors	p. ii
Preface	p. x
The Learning System	p. xii
Introduction to Physical Geology	p. 2
Who Needs Geology?	p. 4
Avoiding Geologic Hazards	p. 6
Supplying Things We Need	p. 7
Protecting the Environment	p. 8
Understanding Our Surroundings	p. 11
An Overview of Physical Geology--Important Concepts	p. 11
Internal Processes: How the Earth's Internal Heat Engine Works	p. 14
The Earth's Interior	p. 15
The Theory of Plate Tectonics	p. 16
Surficial Processes: The Earth's External Heat Engine	p. 18
Geologic Time	p. 21
Summary	p. 22
Terms to Remember	p. 23
Testing Your Knowledge	p. 23
Expanding Your Knowledge	p. 24
Exploring Resources	p. 24
Interacting with Journey Through Geology CD-ROM	p. 25
The Earth's Interior	p. 26
Evidence from Seismic Waves	p. 28
The Earth's Internal Structure	p. 29
The Earth's Crust	p. 30
The Mantle	p. 30
The Core	p. 32
Isostasy	p. 35
Gravity Measurements	p. 37
The Earth's Magnetic Field	p. 39
Magnetic Reversals	p. 40
Magnetic Anomalies	p. 41
Heat Within the Earth	p. 44
Geothermal Gradient	p. 44
Heat Flow	p. 45
Summary	p. 45
The Sea Floor	p. 48
Origin of the Ocean	p. 50
Methods of Studying the Sea Floor	p. 51
Features of the Sea Floor	p. 52
Continental Shelves and Continental Slopes	p. 52
Submarine Canyons	p. 54
Turbidity Currents	p. 55
Passive Continental Margins	p. 55
The Continental Rise	p. 55
Abyssal Plains	p. 56
Active Continental Margins	p. 56
Oceanic Trenches	p. 57
The Mid-Oceanic Ridge	p. 57
Geologic Activity on the Ridge	p. 58
Biologic Activity on the Ridge	p. 58
Fracture Zones	p. 61
Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges	p. 61
Reefs	p. 62
Sediments of the Sea Floor	p. 64
Oceanic Crust and Ophiolites	p. 64
The Age of the Sea Floor	p. 66
The Sea Floor and Plate Tectonics	p. 67
Summary	p. 67
Plate Tectonics	p. 70
The Early Case for Continental Drift	p. 72
Skepticism about Continental Drift	p. 74
Paleomagnetism and the Revival of Continental Drift	p. 75
Recent Evidence for Continental Drift	p. 76
History of Continental Positions	p. 77
Sea-Floor Spreading	p. 77
Hess's Driving Force	p. 78
Explanations	p. 78
Plates and Plate Motion	p. 79
How Do We Know That Plates Move?	p. 80
Marine Magnetic Anomalies	p. 80
Another Test: Fracture Zones and Transform Faults	p. 83
Measuring Plate Motion Directly	p. 84
Divergent Plate Boundaries	p. 84
Transform Boundaries	p. 87
Convergent Plate Boundaries	p. 88
Ocean-Ocean Convergence	p. 89
Ocean-Continent Convergence	p. 90
Continent-Continent Convergence	p. 92
Backarc Spreading	p. 93
The Motion of Plate Boundaries	p. 94
Plate Size	p. 94
The Attractiveness of Plate Tectonics	p. 94
What Causes Plate Motions?	p. 95
Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots	p. 98
The Relationship Between Plate Tectonics and Ore Deposits	p. 100
A Final Note	p. 104
Summary	p. 104
Mountain Belts and the Continental Crust	p. 108
Characteristics of Major Mountain Belts	p. 111
Size and Alignment	p. 111
Ages of Mountain Belts and Continents	p. 111
Thickness and Characteristics of Rock Layers	p. 113
Patterns of Folding and Faulting	p. 114
Metamorphism and Plutonism	p. 116
Normal Faulting	p. 116
Thickness and Density of Rocks	p. 116
Features of Active Mountain Ranges	p. 117
The Evolution of a Mountain Belt	p. 117
The Accumulation Stage	p. 117
The Orogenic Stage	p. 118
The Uplift and Block-faulting Stage	p. 121
The Growth of Continents	p. 126
Suspect and Exotic Terranes	p. 127
Summary	p. 130
Geologic Structures	p. 132
Tectonic Forces at Work	p. 134
Stress and Strain in the Earth's Crust	p. 134
Behavior of Rocks to Stress and Strain	p. 135
Present Deformation of the Crust	p. 136
Structures as a Record of the Geologic Past	p. 137
Geologic Maps and Field Methods	p. 137
Folds	p. 139
Geometry of Folds	p. 139
Interpreting Folds	p. 142
Fractures in Rock	p. 143
Joints	p. 144
Faults	p. 146
Summary	p. 155
Earthquakes	p. 158
Causes of Earthquakes	p. 160
Seismic Waves	p. 162
Body Waves	p. 162
Surface Waves	p. 162
Locating and Measuring Earthquakes	p. 162
Determining the Location of an Earthquake	p. 165
Measuring the Size of an Earthquake	p. 166
Location and Size of Earthquakes in the United States	p. 169
Effects of Earthquakes	p. 171
Tsunamis	p. 175
World Distribution of Earthquakes	p. 177
First-Motion Studies of Earthquakes	p. 180
Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics	p. 180
Earthquakes at Plate Boundaries	p. 181
Subduction Angle	p. 184
Earthquake Prediction	p. 184
Earthquake Control	p. 185
Summary	p. 187
Time and Geology	p. 190
The Key to the Past	p. 192
Relative Time	p. 192
Principles Used to Determine Relative Age	p. 192
Correlation	p. 197
The Standard Geologic Time Scale	p. 200
Unconformities	p. 201
Disconformities	p. 201
Angular Unconformities	p. 203
Nonconformities	p. 204
Numerical Age	p. 204
Isotopic Dating	p. 204
Uses of Isotopic Dating	p. 208
Combining Relative and Numerical Ages	p. 208
Age of the Earth	p. 209
Comprehending Geologic Time	p. 209
Summary	p. 213
Atoms, Elements, and Minerals	p. 216
Atoms and Elements	p. 218
Chemical Activity	p. 220
Ions	p. 220
Chemical Composition of the Earth's Crust	p. 221
Crystallinity	p. 222
The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron	p. 223
Minerals	p. 227
Crystalline Solids	p. 227
Natural and Inorganic Substances	p. 227
Definite Chemical Composition	p. 227
The Important Minerals	p. 228
The Physical Properties of Minerals	p. 230
Color	p. 230
Streak	p. 230
Luster	p. 230
Hardness	p. 230
External Crystal Form	p. 231
Cleavage	p. 233
Fracture	p. 235
Specific Gravity	p. 235
Other Properties	p. 236
Simple Chemical Tests	p. 236
The Rock Cycle	p. 237
Summary	p. 239
Volcanism and Extrusive Rocks	p. 242
Effects on Humans	p. 244
The Growth of Hawaii	p. 244
Geothermal Energy	p. 244
Effect on Climate	p. 244
Volcanic Catastrophes	p. 247
Eruptive Violence and Physical Characteristics of Lava	p. 248
Extrusive Rocks and Gases	p. 249
Scientific Investigation of Volcanism	p. 249
Gases	p. 250
Extrusive Rocks	p. 250
Types of Volcanoes	p. 253
Shield Volcanoes	p. 254
Cinder Cones	p. 254
Composite Volcanoes	p. 256
Volcanic Domes	p. 259
Lava Floods	p. 261
Submarine Eruptions	p. 262
Pillow Basalts	p. 263
Summary	p. 265
Igneous Rocks, Intrusive Activity, and the Origin of Igneous Rocks	p. 268
Igneous Rocks	p. 271
Identification of Igneous Rocks	p. 271
Varieties of Granite	p. 274
Chemistry of Igneous Rocks	p. 274
Intrusive Bodies	p. 275
Shallow Intrusive Structures	p. 276
Intrusives That Crystallize at Depth	p. 277
Abundance and Distribution of Plutonic Rocks	p. 279
How Magma Forms	p. 279
Heat for Melting Rock	p. 280
Factors That Control Melting Temperatures	p. 280
How Magmas of Different Compositions Evolve	p. 282
Differentiation and Bowen's Reaction Theory	p. 282
Partial Melting	p. 284
Assimilation	p. 285
Mixing of Magmas	p. 285
Explaining Igneous Activity by Plate Tectonics	p. 286
Igneous Processes at Divergent Boundaries	p. 286
Intraplate Igneous Activity	p. 286
Igneous Processes at Convergent Boundaries	p. 287
Summary	p. 289
Weathering and Soil	p. 292
Weathering, Erosion, and Transportation	p. 294
How Weathering Alters Rocks	p. 294
Effects of Weathering	p. 294
Mechanical Weathering	p. 294
Frost Action	p. 294
Abrasion	p. 296
Pressure Release	p. 297
Chemical Weathering	p. 298
Role of Oxygen	p. 298
Role of Acid	p. 299
Solution Weathering	p. 300
Chemical Weathering of Feldspar	p. 301
Chemical Weathering of Other Minerals	p. 302
Weathering and Climate	p. 303
Weathering Products	p. 303
Soil	p. 303
Soil Horizons	p. 304
Residual and Transported Soils	p. 304
Soils, Parent Rock, Time, and Slope	p. 305
Organic Activity	p. 306
Soils and Climate	p. 306
Buried Soils	p. 307
Summary	p. 308
Mass Wasting	p. 310
Classification of Mass Wasting	p. 312
Rate of Movement	p. 312
Type of Material	p. 312
Type of Movement	p. 314
Controlling Factors in Mass Wasting	p. 315
Gravity	p. 316
Water	p. 316
Common Types of Mass Wasting	p. 317
Creep	p. 317
Debris Flow	p. 318
Rockfalls and Rockslides	p. 324
Preventing Landslides	p. 327
Preventing Mass Wasting of Debris	p. 327
Preventing Rockfalls and Rockslides on Highways	p. 328
Summary	p. 330
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks	p. 332
Sediment	p. 334
Transportation	p. 334
Deposition	p. 335
Preservation	p. 336
Lithification	p. 337
Types of Sedimentary Rocks	p. 338
Clastic Rocks	p. 338
Breccia and Conglomerate	p. 338
Sandstone	p. 339
The Fine-Grained Rocks	p. 340
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks	p. 342
Carbonate Rocks	p. 342
Chert	p. 345
Evaporites	p. 346
Organic Sedimentary Rocks	p. 347
Coal	p. 347
The Origin of Oil and Gas	p. 347
Sedimentary Structures	p. 347
Formations	p. 351
Interpretation of Sedimentary Rocks	p. 352
Source Area	p. 352
Environment of Deposition	p. 354
Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Rocks	p. 357
Summary	p. 358
Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks	p. 362
Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks	p. 364
Composition of the Parent Rock	p. 364
Temperature	p. 365
Pressure	p. 365
Fluids	p. 367
Time	p. 368
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks	p. 368
Types of Metamorphism	p. 368
Contact Metamorphism	p. 368
Regional Metamorphism	p. 370
Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism	p. 374
Hydrothermal Processes	p. 375
Hydrothermal Activity at Divergent Plate Boundaries	p. 375
Metasomatism	p. 377
Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals	p. 378
Sources of Water	p. 379
Summary	p. 381
Streams and Floods	p. 384
The Hydrologic Cycle	p. 386
Channel Flow and Sheet Flow	p. 386
Drainage Basins	p. 388
Drainage Patterns	p. 388
Factors Affecting Stream Erosion and Deposition	p. 389
Velocity	p. 389
Gradient	p. 390
Channel Shape and Roughness	p. 390
Discharge	p. 391
Stream Erosion	p. 392
Stream Transportation of Sediment	p. 393
Stream Deposition	p. 394
Bars	p. 394
Braided Streams	p. 395
Meandering Streams and Point Bars	p. 399
Flood Plains	p. 401
Deltas	p. 403
Alluvial Fans	p. 405
Flooding	p. 406
Urban Flooding	p. 406
Flash Floods	p. 409
Controlling Floods	p. 410
The Great Flood of 1993	p. 411
Stream Valley Development	p. 412
Downcutting and Base Level	p. 412
The Concept of a Graded Stream	p. 414
Lateral Erosion	p. 415
Headward Erosion and Stream Piracy	p. 415
Stream Terraces	p. 416
Incised Meanders	p. 417
Superposed Streams	p. 419
Summary	p. 419
Ground Water	p. 422
Porosity and Permeability	p. 424
The Water Table	p. 424
The Movement of Ground Water	p. 426
Aquifers	p. 427
Wells	p. 428
Springs and Streams	p. 430
Pollution of Ground Water	p. 430
Balancing Withdrawal and Recharge	p. 436
Effects of Ground-Water Action	p. 438
Caves, Sinkholes, and Karst Topography	p. 438
Other Effects	p. 440
Hot Water Underground	p. 441
Geothermal Energy	p. 442
Summary	p. 443
Deserts and Wind Action	p. 446
Distribution of Deserts	p. 448
Some Characteristics of Deserts	p. 448
Desert Features in the Southwestern United States	p. 451
Wind Action	p. 454
Wind Erosion and Transportation	p. 456
Wind Deposition	p. 459
Summary	p. 464
Glaciers and Glaciation	p. 468
The Theory of Glacial Ages	p. 470
Glaciers--Where They Are, How They Form and Move	p. 470
Distribution of Glaciers	p. 470
Types of Glaciers	p. 471
Formation and Growth of Glaciers	p. 471
Movement of Valley Glaciers	p. 474
Movement of Ice Sheets	p. 479
Glacial Erosion	p. 480
Erosional Landscapes Associated with Alpine Glaciation	p. 481
Erosional Landscapes Associated with Continental Glaciation	p. 484
Glacial Deposition	p. 485
Moraines	p. 486
Outwash	p. 488
Glacial Lakes and Varves	p. 489
Effects of Past Glaciation	p. 489
The Glacial Ages	p. 489
Direct Effects of Past Glaciation in North America	p. 491
Indirect Effects of Past Glaciation	p. 496
Evidence for Older Glaciation	p. 496
Summary	p. 497
Waves, Beaches, and Coasts	p. 500
Water Waves	p. 502
Surf	p. 503
Nearshore Circulation	p. 504
Wave Refraction	p. 504
Longshore Currents	p. 504
Rip Currents	p. 505
Beaches	p. 505
Longshore Drift of Sediment	p. 506
Human Interference with Sand Drift	p. 508
Sources of Sand on Beaches	p. 508
Coasts and Coastal Features	p. 508
Erosional Coasts	p. 509
Depositional Coasts	p. 512
Drowned Coasts	p. 513
Uplifted Coasts	p. 516
Coasts Shaped by Organisms	p. 516
Summary	p. 517
Geologic Resources	p. 520
Types of Resources	p. 522
Resources and Reserves	p. 523
Energy Use	p. 523
Oil and Natural Gas	p. 523
The Occurrence of Oil and Gas	p. 524
Recovering the Oil	p. 526
How Much Oil Do We Have Left?	p. 527
Heavy Crude and Oil Sands	p. 528
Oil Shale	p. 528
Coal	p. 529
Varieties of Coal	p. 529
Occurrence of Coal	p. 530
Environmental Effects	p. 532
Reserves and Resources	p. 532
Uranium	p. 532
Alternative Sources of Energy	p. 533
Metals and Ores	p. 533
Origin of Metallic Ore Deposits	p. 533
Ores Associated with Igneous Rocks	p. 534
Ores Formed by Surface Processes	p. 535
Metal Ores and Plate Tectonics	p. 536
Mining	p. 536
Environmental Effects	p. 537
Some Important Metals	p. 538
Iron	p. 538
Copper	p. 538
Aluminum	p. 538
Lead	p. 539
Zinc	p. 539
Silver	p. 539
Gold	p. 539
Other Metals	p. 540
Nonmetallic Resources	p. 540
Construction Materials	p. 540
Fertilizers and Evaporites	p. 541
Other Nonmetallics	p. 542
Some Future Trends	p. 542
Summary	p. 543
Appendixes A-G	p. 546
Glossary	p. 556
Index	p. 570
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