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Physical Chemistry

ISBN: 9780072534955 | 0072534958
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
Pub. Date: 8/29/2001

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SummaryTable of Contents
Ira N. Levine's fifth edition ofPhysical Chemistryprovides students with an in-depth fundamental treatment of physical chemistry. At the same time, the treatment is made easy to follow by giving full step-by-step derivations, clear explanations and by avoiding advanced mathematics unfamiliar to students. Necessary math and physics have thorough review sections. Worked examples are followed by a practice exercise.
Provides students with an in-depth fundamental treatment of physical chemistry. Worked examples are fol... MORE
Prefacexv
Thermodynamics
1(34)
Physical Chemistry
1(1)
... MORE
Thermodynamics
2(4)
Temperature
6(2)
The Mole
8(2)
Ideal Gases
10(7)
Differential Calculus
17(5)
Equations of State
22(3)
Integral Calculus
25(4)
Study Suggestions
29(2)
Summary
31(4)
The First Law Of Thermodynamics
35(41)
Classical Mechanics
35(5)
P-V Work
40(4)
Heat
44(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics
45(5)
Enthalpy
50(1)
Heat Capacities
51(2)
The Joule and Joule--Thomson Experiments
53(3)
Perfect Gases and the First Law
56(4)
Calculation of First-Law Quantities
60(3)
State Functions and Line Integrals Energy
63(2)
The Molecular Nature of Internal Energy
65(3)
Problem Solving
68(2)
Summary
70(6)
The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
76(30)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
76(2)
Heat Engines
78(5)
Entropy
83(2)
Calculation of Entropy Changes
85(5)
Entropy, Reversibility, and Irreversibility
90(3)
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
93(2)
What Is Entropy?
95(5)
Entropy, Time, and Cosmology
100(2)
Summary
102(4)
Material Equilibrium
106(34)
Material Equilibrium
106(1)
Thermodynamic Properties of Nonequilibrium Systems
107(1)
Entropy and Equilibrium
108(2)
The Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies
110(3)
Thermodynamic Relations for a System in Equilibrium
113(9)
Calculation of Changes in State Functions
122(2)
Chemical Potentials and Material Equilibrium
124(5)
Phase Equilibrium
129(2)
Reaction Equilibrium
131(3)
Entropy and Life
134(1)
Summary
135(5)
Standard Thermodynamic Functions Of Reaction
140(34)
Standard States of Pure Substances
140(1)
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
141(1)
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
142(2)
Determination of Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction
144(7)
Temperature Dependence of Reaction Heats
151(2)
Use of a Spreadsheet to Obtain a Polynomial Fit
153(2)
Conventional Entropies and the Third Law
155(6)
Standard Gibbs Energy of Reaction
161(1)
Thermodynamics Tables
162(3)
Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties
165(3)
The Unattainability of Absolute Zero
168(1)
Summary
169(5)
Reaction Equilibrium In Ideal Gas Mixtures
174(29)
Chemical Potentials in an Ideal Gas Mixtures
175(2)
Ideal-Gas Reaction Equilibrium
177(5)
Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant
182(4)
Ideal-Gas Equilibrium Calculations
186(5)
Simultaneous Equilibria
191(3)
Shifts in Ideal-Gas Reaction Equilibria
194(4)
Summary
198(5)
One-Component Phase Equilibrium
203(27)
The Phase Rule
203(5)
One-Component Phase Equilibrium
208(4)
The Clapeyron Equation
212(7)
Solid-Solid Phase Transitions
219(4)
Higher-Order Phase Transitions
223(2)
Summary
225(5)
Real Gases
230(19)
Compression Factors
230(1)
Real-Gas Equations of State
231(2)
Condensation
233(2)
Critical Data and Equations of State
235(3)
Calculation of Liquid--Vapor Equilibria
238(2)
The Critical State
240(1)
The Law of Corresponding States
241(2)
Differences between Real-Gas and Ideal-Gas Thermodynamic Properties
243(1)
Taylor Series
243(2)
Summary
245(4)
Solutions
249(32)
Solution Composition
249(1)
Partial Molar Quantities
250(6)
Mixing Quantities
256(2)
Determination of Partial Molar Quantities
258(4)
Ideal Solutions
262(2)
Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Solutions
264(4)
Ideally Dilute Solutions
268(2)
Thermodynamic Properties of Ideally Dilute Solutions
270(4)
Summary
274(7)
Nonideal Solutions
281(38)
Activities and Activity Coefficients
281(3)
Excess Functions
284(1)
Determination of Activities and Activity Coefficients
285(7)
Activity Coefficients on the Molality and Molar Concentration Scales
292(1)
Models for Nonelectrolyte Activity Coefficients
293(1)
Solutions of Electrolytes
294(4)
Determination of Electrolyte Activity Coefficients
298(2)
The Debye--Huckel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions
300(4)
Ionic Association
304(3)
Standard-State Thermodynamic Properties of Solution Components
307(3)
Nonideal Gas Mixtures
310(3)
Summary
313(6)
Reaction Equilibrium In Nonideal Systems
319(22)
The Equilibrium Constant
319(1)
Reaction Equilibrium in Nonelectrolyte Solutions
320(1)
Reaction Equilibrium in Electrolyte Solutions
321(5)
Reaction Equilibria Involving Pure Solids or Pure Liquids
326(3)
Reaction Equilibrium in Nonideal Gas Mixtures
329(1)
Computer Programs for Equilibrium Calculations
329(1)
Temperature and Pressure Dependences of the Equilibrium Constant
330(2)
Summary of Standard States
332(1)
Gibbs Energy Changes for a Reaction
332(2)
Coupled Reactions
334(2)
Summary
336(5)
Multicomponent Phase Equilibrium
341(43)
Colligative Properties
341(1)
Vapor-Pressure Lowering
341(1)
Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation
342(4)
Osmotic Pressure
346(5)
Two-Component Phase Diagrams
351(1)
Two-Component Liquid--Vapor Equilibrium
352(8)
Two-Component Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium
360(3)
Two-Component Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
363(8)
Structure of Phase Diagrams
371(1)
Solubility
371(2)
Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams
373(2)
Three-Component Systems
375(2)
Summary
377(7)
Surface Chemistry
384(25)
The Interphase Region
384(3)
Curved Interfaces
387(3)
Thermodynamics of Surfaces
390(5)
Surface Films on Liquids
395(2)
Adsorption of Gases on Solids
397(5)
Colloids
402(3)
Summary
405(4)
Electrochemical Systems
409(47)
Electrostatics
409(3)
Electrochemical Systems
412(3)
Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems
415(2)
Galvanic Cells
417(6)
Types of Reversible Electrodes
423(3)
Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells
426(5)
Standard Electrode Potentials
431(4)
Concentration Cells
435(1)
Liquid-Junction Potentials
435(1)
Applications of EMF Measurements
436(4)
Batteries
440(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes
441(2)
Membrane Equilibrium
443(1)
The Electrical Double Layer
444(1)
Dipole Moments and Polarization
444(4)
Bioelectrochemistry
448(2)
Summary
450(6)
Kinetic Theory of Gases
456(31)
Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
456(1)
Pressure of an Ideal Gas
457(3)
Temperature
460(2)
Distribution of Molecular Speeds in an Ideal Gas
462(9)
Applications of the Maxwell Distribution
471(3)
Collisions with a Wall and Effusion
474(2)
Molecular Collisions and Mean Free Path
476(3)
The Barometric Formula
479(1)
The Boltzmann Distribution Law
480(1)
Heat Capacities of Ideal Polyatomic Gases
481(1)
Summary
482(5)
Transport Processes
487(41)
Kinetics
487(1)
Thermal Conductivity
488(4)
Viscosity
492(8)
Diffusion and Sedimentation
500(6)
Electrical Conductivity
506(2)
Electrical Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions
508(13)
Summary
521(7)
Reaction Kinetics
528(70)
Reaction Kinetics
528(4)
Measurement of Reaction Rates
532(1)
Integration of Rate Laws
533(6)
Determination of the Rate Law
539(5)
Rate Laws and Equilibrium Constants for Elementary Reactions
544(1)
Reaction Mechanisms
545(7)
Computer Integration of Rate Equations
552(2)
Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants
554(5)
Relation Between Rate Constants and Equilibrium Constants for Composite Reactions
559(1)
The Rate Law in Nonideal Systems
560(1)
Unimolecular Reactions
561(2)
Trimolecular Reactions
563(1)
Chain Reactions and Free-Radical Polymerizations
564(5)
Fast Reactions
569(4)
Reactions in Liquid Solutions
573(4)
Catalysis
577(3)
Enzyme Catalysis
580(2)
Heterogeneous Catalysis
582(5)
Nuclear Decay
587(1)
Summary
588(10)
Quantum Mechanics
598(47)
Blackbody Radiation and Energy Quantization
599(2)
The Photoelectric Effect and Photons
601(1)
The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
602(1)
The de Broglie Hypothesis
603(2)
The Uncertainty Principle
605(2)
Quantum Mechanics
607(5)
The Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation
612(2)
The Particle in a One-Dimensional Box
614(4)
The Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box
618(2)
Degeneracy
620(1)
Operators
621(6)
The One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator
627(2)
Two-Particle Problems
629(1)
The Two-Particle Rigid Rotor
630(1)
Approximation Methods
631(4)
Hermitian Operators
635(3)
Summary
638(7)
Atomic Structure
645(34)
Units
645(1)
Historical Background
646(1)
The Hydrogen Atom
647(8)
Angular Momentum
655(2)
Electron Spin
657(1)
The Helium Atom and the Pauli Principle
658(6)
Total Orbital and Spin Angular Momenta
664(2)
Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table
666(5)
Hartree--Fock and Configuration-Interaction Wave Functions
671(3)
Summary
674(5)
Molecular Electronic Structure
679(59)
Chemical Bonds
679(4)
The Born--Oppenheimer Approximation
683(4)
The Hydrogen Molecule Ion
687(5)
The Simple MO Method for Diatomic Molecules
692(6)
SCF and Hartree--Fock Wave Functions
698(1)
The MO Treatment of Polyatomic Molecules
699(9)
The Valence-Bond Method
708(1)
Calculation of Molecular Properties
709(4)
Accurate Calculation of Molecular Electronic Wave Functions and Properties
713(3)
Density-Functional Theory (DFT)
716(6)
Semiempirical Methods
722(3)
Performing Quantum Chemistry Calculations
725(3)
The Molecular-Mechanics (MM) Method
728(4)
Future Prospects
732(1)
Summary
732(6)
Spectroscopy and Photochemistry
738(85)
Electromagnetic Radiation
738(3)
Spectroscopy
741(6)
Rotation and Vibration of Diatomic Molecules
747(6)
Rotational and Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules
753(6)
Molecular Summetry
759(2)
Rotation of Polyatomic Molecules
761(2)
Microwave Spectroscopy
763(3)
Vibration of Polyatomic Molecules
766(3)
Infrared Spectroscopy
769(5)
Raman Spectroscopy
774(3)
Electronic Spectroscopy
777(5)
Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Spectroscopy
782(13)
Electron-Spin-Resonance Spectroscopy
795(2)
Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism
797(1)
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
798(2)
Photochemistry
800(4)
Group Theory
804(11)
Summary
815(8)
Statistical Mechanics
823(56)
Statistical Mechanics
823(1)
The Canonical Ensemble
824(9)
Canonical Partition Function for a System of Noninteracting Particles
833(4)
Canonical Partition Function of a Pure Ideal Gas
837(2)
The Boltzmann Distribution Law for Noninteracting Molecules
839(4)
Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Diatomic and Monatomic Gases
843(11)
Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Polyatomic Gases
854(3)
Ideal-Gas Thermodynamic Properties and Equilibrium Constants
857(4)
Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
861(2)
Intermolecular Forces
863(6)
Statistical Mechanics of Fluids
869(3)
Summary
872(7)
Theories of Reaction Rates
879(36)
Hard-Sphere Collision Theory of Gas-Phase Reactions
879(3)
Potential-Energy Surfaces
882(7)
Molecular Reaction Dynamics
889(5)
Transition-State Theory for Ideal-Gas Reactions
894(10)
Thermodynamic Formulation of TST for Gas-Phase Reactions
904(2)
Unimolecular Reactions
906(2)
Trimolecular Reactions
908(1)
Reactions in Solution
908(4)
Summary
912(3)
Solids and Liquids
915(41)
Solids and Liquids
915(1)
Polymers
916(1)
Chemical Bonding in Solids
916(2)
Cohesive Energies of Solids
918(1)
Theoretical Calculation of Cohesive Energies
919(3)
Interatomic Distances in Crystals
922(2)
Crystal Structures
924(5)
Examples of Crystal Structures
929(4)
Determination of Crystal Structures
933(5)
Determination of Surface Structures
938(2)
Band Theory of Solids
940(3)
Statistical Mechanics of Crystals
943(4)
Defects in Solids
947(1)
Liquids
948(4)
Summary
952(4)
Bibliography956(4)
Appendix960(2)
Answers to Selected Problems962(4)
Index966

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