PART I. METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY: EXISTENCE AND KNOWLEDGE

2. The Pre-Socratics

The Milesians / Pythagoras / Heraclitus and Parmenides / Empedocles and Anaxagoras / The Atomists /

3. Socrates, Plato

Socrates / Plato /

Selection 3.1: Plato, Republic /

Selection 3.2: Plato, Meno /

4. Aristotle

What Is It to Be? / Aristotle and the Theory of Forms / Pure Actuality / Essence and Existence / Ten Basic Categories / The Three Souls / Aristotle's Theory of Knowledge / Logic /

Selection 4.1: Aristotle, Metaphysics

5. Philosophers of the Hellenistic and Christian Eras

Metaphysics in the Roman Empire / The Middle Ages and Aquinas /

Selection 5.1: St. Augustine, Confessions /

6. The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology

Descartes and Dualism / Hobbes and Materialism / The Alternative Views of Conway, Spinoza, and Leibniz / The Idealism of Locke and Berkeley /

Selection 6.1: René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy /

Selection 6.2 George Berkeley, Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge /

7. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

David Hume / Immanuel Kant / The Nineteenth Century /

Selection 7.1: David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding /

Selection 7.2: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason /

Selection 7.3: Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of History /

Selection 7.4: Arthur Schopenhauer, The World As Will and Representation /

8. The Continental Tradition

Existentialism / Two Existentialists / Phenomenology /

Selection 8.1: Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism and Humanism /

Selection 8.2: Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus /

9. The Pragmatic and Analytic Traditions

Pragmatism / Analytic Philosophy / The Philosophy of the Mind /

Selection 9.1: A. J. Ayer, The Elimination of Metaphysics /

Selection 9.2: J. J. C. Smart, Sensations and Brain Processes /

Selection 9.3: Richard Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth /

PART II. MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

10. Moral Philosophy

Skepticism, Relativism, and Subjectivism / Egoism / Hedonism / The Five Main Ethical Frameworks / The Early Greeks / Epicureanism and Stoicism / Christianizing Ethics / Hobbes and Hume / Kant / The Utilitarians / Friedrich Nietzsche /

Selection 10.1: Plato, Gorgias /

Selection 10.2: Epicurus, Epicurus to Menoeceus /

Selection 10.3: Epictetus, The Encheiridion /

Selection 10.4: Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals /

Selection 10.5: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism /

Selection 10.6: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil /

11. Political Philosophy

Plato and Aristotle / Natural Law Theory and Contractarian Theory / Two Other Contractarian Theorists / American Constitutional Theory / Classic Liberalism and Marxism /

Selection 11.1: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan /

Selection 11.2: John Stuart Mill, On Liberty /

Selection 11.3: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto /

12. Recent Moral and Political Philosophy

G. E. Moore / Normative Ethics and Metaethics / W. D. Ross / Emotivism and Beyond / John Rawls, A Contemporary Liberal / Robert Nozick's Libertarianism / Communitarian Responses to Rawls / Herbert Marcuse, A Contemporary Marxist / "Isms" /

Selection 12.1: James Rachels, Killing and Starving to Death /

Selection 12.2: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice /

Selection 12.3: Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia /

PART III. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION: REASON AND FAITH

13. Philosophy and Belief in God

Two Christian Greats / Mysticism / Seventeenth-Century Perspectives / Eighteenth-Century Perspectives / Nineteenth-Century Perspectives / Twentieth-Century Perspectives /

Selection 13.1: St. Anselm, Proslogion /

Selection 13.2: St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica /

Selection 13.3: Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science /

Selection 13.4: Antony Flew, Theology and Falsification /

Selection 13.5: Mary Daly, After the Death of God the Father /

PART IV. OTHER VOICES

14. Feminist Philosphy

The First Wave / The Second Wave /

Selection 14.1: Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women /

Selection 14.2: Simone de Beavoir, The Second Sex /

Selection 14.3: Marielouise Janssen-Jurreit, Sexism: The Male Monopoly on History and Thought /

Selection 14.4: Sandra Harding, Should the History and Philosophy of Science Be X-Rated? /

Selection 14.5: Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family /

Selection 14.6: Karen J. Warren, The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism /

15. An Era of Suspicion

Jürgen Habermas / Michel Foucault / Structuralism versus Deconstruction / Richard Rorty /

Selection 15.1: Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality /

Selection 15.2: Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization /

Selection 15.3: Jürgen Habermas, Toward a Rational Society / Selection 15.4: Richard Rorty, Philosophy and Social Hope /

16. Eastern Influences

Hinduism / Buddhism / Taoism / Conficianism / Zen Buddhism in China and Japan / The Philosophy of the Samurai (c. 1100-1900) /

Selection 16.1: Confucius, Analects /

Selection 16.2: Buddha, The Eightfold Path /

17. Post-Colonial Thought

Historical Background / Africa / The Americas / South Asia /

Selection 17.1: Léopold Sédar Senghor, On African Socialism /

Selection 17.2: Martin Luther King, Jr., The Sword that Heals /

Selection 17.3: Carlos Astrada, Existentialism and the Crisis of Philosophy /

Selection 17.4: Francisco Miró Quesada, Man without Theory /

Selection 17.5: Sonia Saldivar-Hull, Feminism on the Border: From Gender Politics to Geopolitics /

Selection 17.6: Mohandas K. Gandhi, Satyagraha /

Selection 17.7: Rabindranath Tagore, Towards Universal Man