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Perspectives on Argument

ISBN: 9780130225641 | 0130225649
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 8/1/2000

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SummaryTable of Contents
This combination rhetoric/reader helps students develop strategies for critical reading, critical thinking, research, and writing that will help them argue clearly and convincingly. It teaches them to identify and develop arguments, to read and form reactions and opinions of their own, to analyze an audience, to seek common ground, and to use a wide, realistic range of techniques to write argument papers that express their individual views and original perspectives on modern issues. The Rhetoric portion includes clear explanations and examples of argument theory and reading and writing processes, research and documentation skills, and offers engaging, class-tested writing assignments and activities. The Reader portion includes 75 reading selections covering seven broad issue areas and 18 more focused areas, all of contemporary concern. Unique chapters discuss student argument styles, Rogerian argument, and argument and literature.
Alternate Table of Contentsxxi
Prefacexxv
Acknowledgmentsxxix
Part One Engaging with Argument for Reading and Writing1(120)
... MORE
A Perspective on Argument
3(25)
What Is Your Current Perspective on Argument?
4(1)
Developing a Broad Perspective on Argument
5(1)
Forms of Argument
6(2)
Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best?
8(4)
Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail?
12(2)
Engaging with Issues
14(3)
Examples of Arguable Issues
17(1)
How Should You Engage with Issues?
17(11)
Review Questions
21(1)
Exercises and Activities
22(1)
Essays for Analysis
Applying to College, Made Easy
23(1)
Nathan Burstein
Girls and Computers
24(3)
Genetic Engineering
27(1)
Doran Hayes
Developing Your Personal Argument Style
28(32)
The Adversarial and Consensual Styles of Argument
29(1)
Individual Styles of Argument
30(1)
Influence of Experience and Role Models
31(1)
Influence of Gender
31(5)
Influence of Culture
36(6)
Influence of Nationality
42(18)
Review Questions
46(1)
Exercises and Activities
46(2)
Essays for Analysis
We Knew What Glory Was
48(3)
Shirlee Taylor Haizlip
A View from Berkeley
51(3)
Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien
Giving People a Second Chance
54(2)
Ernest Martinez
Why I Want a Wife
56(2)
Judy Brady
A Simple ``Hai'' Won't Do
58(2)
Reiko Hatsumi
A Process for Reading Argument
60(28)
Recognizing Written Argument
61(1)
How Do You Read Now?
62(1)
Prereading Strategies
63(2)
Reading Strategies
65(6)
Strategies for Reading Difficult Material
71(1)
Postreading Strategies
72(3)
Organizing a Process for Reading Argument
75(13)
Review Questions
77(1)
Exercises and Activities
77(1)
Essays for Analysis
Jobs Illuminate What Riots Hid: Young Ideals
77(4)
Sara Rimer
Don't Know Much About History
81(3)
Roberta Israeloff
The Road to Unreality
84(4)
Mark Slouka
A Process for Writing Argument
88(33)
How Do You Write Now?
89(1)
Prewriting Strategies
90(9)
Writing the First Draft
99(1)
Special Strategies to Use If You Get Stuck
100(1)
Postwriting Strategies
100(5)
Organizing a Process for Writing Argument
105(2)
The Exploratory Paper
107(3)
How to Write an Exploratory Paper
110(11)
Review Questions
113(1)
Exercises and Activities
113
Essays for Analysis
A Room of Their Own
108(6)
LynNell Hancock
Claudia Kalb
Coming and Going
114(3)
Nathan Glazer
Trial by Jury: A Fundamental Right and a Flawed System
117(4)
Tanya Pierce
Part Two Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading and Writing121(124)
The Essential Parts of an Argument: The Toulmin Model
122(36)
The Outcomes of Argument: Probability versus Certainty
123(1)
The Parts of an Argument According to the Toulmin Model
123(17)
Claim
127(3)
Support
130(4)
Warrants
134(4)
Backing
138(1)
Rebuttal
138(1)
Qualifiers
139(1)
Value of the Toulmin Model for Reading and Writing Argument
140(18)
Review Questions
141(1)
Exercises and Activities
141(1)
Essays for Analysis
Automobile Advertisement
142(1)
New Yorker Cartoon
143(1)
What's Happened to Disney Films?
144(2)
John Evans
A Liberating Curriculum
146(3)
Roberta F. Borkat
Toulmin Analysis of ``What's Happened to Disney Films?''
149(2)
Beth Brunk
American Value Systems
151(7)
Richard D. Rieke
Malcolm O. Sillars
Types of Claims
158(33)
Getting a Sense of the Purpose and Parts of an Argument
159(1)
Five Types of Claims
159(13)
Claims of Fact
160(2)
Claims of Definition
162(2)
Claims of Cause
164(2)
Claims of Value
166(3)
Claims of Policy
169(3)
Claims and Argument in Real Life
172(3)
Value of the Claims and the Claim Questions for Reading and Writing Argument
175(16)
Review Questions
175(1)
Exercises and Activities
176
Essays for Analysis
Black America's Moment of Truth
161(2)
Dinesh D'Souza
Family Values
163(2)
William Safire
Paying the Price of Female Neglect
165(2)
Susan Dentzer
What's Wrong with Standard Tests?
167(3)
Ted Sizer
Campus Climate Control
170(6)
Katie Roiphe
Gene Tests: What You Know Can Hurt You
176(2)
Barbara Koenig
We're Too Busy for Ideas
178(2)
Michele McCormick
Reading, Writing, Narcissism
180(2)
Lilian G. Katz
Devising New Math to Define Poverty
182(3)
Louis Uchitelle
Study Says Net Use, Depression May Be Linked
185(2)
Amy Harmon
Hold Your Horsepower
187(4)
Lyla Fox
Types of Proof
191(54)
The Traditional Categories of Proof
191(2)
Types of Logical Proof: Logos
193(10)
Argument From Deduction
194(2)
Argument from Definition
196(1)
Argument from Cause
197(1)
Argument from Sign
197(1)
Argument from Induction
198(2)
Argument from Statistics
200(1)
Argument from Historical, Literal, or Figurative Analogy
201(2)
A Mnemonic Device
203(1)
Proof That Builds Credibility: Ethos
203(2)
Argument from Authority
204(1)
Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos
205(2)
Motivational Proofs
206(1)
Value Proofs
206(1)
Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated Through Language and Style
207(6)
Language That Appeals to Logic
207(1)
Language That Develops Ethos
208(2)
Language That Appeals to Emotion
210(2)
Ethics and Morality in Argument
212(1)
Fallacies or Pseudoproofs
213(5)
Fallacies in Logic
214(2)
Fallacies That Affect Ethos
216(1)
Emotional Fallacies
217(1)
Value of the Proofs for Reading and Writing Argument
218(27)
Review Questions
218(1)
Exercises and Activities
219(1)
Essays for Analysis
Censorship or Common Sense?
219(1)
Roxana Robinson
Meet the Philip Morris Generation, Advertisment
220(2)
The Whiny Generation
222(3)
David Martin
The Declaration of Independence
225(3)
Thomas Jefferson
Love Is a Fallacy
228(12)
Max Shulman
Minor Problems?
240(5)
Kelly Dickerson
Part Three Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument245(98)
The Research Paper: Clarifying Purpose and Understanding the Audience
246(19)
Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started
247(1)
Writing a Claim and Clarifying Your Purpose
247(2)
The Rhetorical Situation
248(1)
Questions to Plan Claim and Purpose
248(1)
Some Preliminary Questions to Help You Develop Your Claim
249(2)
Preliminary Plan
251(1)
Understanding the Audience
252(3)
Analyzing a Familiar Audience
255(3)
Constructing an Unfamiliar Audience
258(2)
Using Information about Your Audience
260(5)
Review Questions
261(1)
Exercises and Activities
261(3)
New Yorker Cartoon
264(1)
The Research Paper: Invention and Research
265(32)
Using Burke's Pentad to Establish Cause
265(2)
Using Chains of Reasons to Develop Greater Depth of Analysis and Detail
267(1)
Using Argument Theory to Think Systematically about Your Issue
268(3)
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation
268(1)
Use the Toulmin Model
269(1)
Plan Your Proofs
270(1)
Presenting Statistics in Graphs and Charts
271(3)
Using Proofs and Support Appropriate for the Purpose or Type of Claim
274(1)
Using Organizational Patterns to Help You Think
275(1)
Suggestions to Help You with Library and Online Research
276(9)
Get Organized for Research
277(1)
Learn to Use the Card Catalog or the Computer Index
277(1)
Use Your Preliminary Plan to Guide Your Research
278(1)
Search for Information in the Library
278(1)
Search for Information Online
279(2)
Create a Bibliography
281(2)
Survey and Skim
283(1)
Read Creatively to Generate Ideas
284(1)
Take Notes and Fill in Your Outline
284(1)
Evaluating Print and Online Sources
285(12)
Review Questions
288(1)
Exercises and Activities
288(4)
Annotated Bibliography
292(1)
Human Cloning: An Annotated Bibliography
292(5)
Angela A. Boatwright
The Research Paper: Organizing, Writing, and Revising
297(46)
Using Organization to Help Your Reader Understand
297(3)
Using Organizational Patterns to Help You Think and Organize
300(5)
Claim with Reasons (or Reasons Followed by Claim)
300(1)
Cause and Effect (or Effect and Cause)
301(1)
Applied Criteria
301(1)
Problem-Solution
301(1)
Chronology or Narrative
302(1)
Deduction
302(1)
Induction
302(1)
Comparison and Contrast
302(1)
Rogerian Argument
303(1)
Motivated Sequence
303(1)
Exploration
304(1)
How to Match Patterns to Claims
305(1)
Outlining Your Paper and Cross-Referencing Your Notes
305(6)
Incorporating Research into Your First Draft
311(4)
Clearly Identify Words and Ideas from Outside Sources
313(1)
Avoid Plagiarism
314(1)
Document Your Sources
315(1)
Making Final Revisions and Preparing the Final Copy
315(28)
Review Questions
317(1)
Exercises and Activities
317(2)
Appendix to Chapter 10: How to Document Sources Using MLA and APA Styles
319(1)
How to Write In-Text Parenthetical Citations
319(4)
How to Write the List of ``Works Cited'' (MLA) or ``References'' (APA)
323
Essays for Analysis
The Highs of Low Technology
309(23)
Johanne Mednick
The Importance of Jury Instructions
332(6)
Tanya Pierce
Alaskan Wolf Management
338(5)
Darrell D. Greer
Part Four Further Applications: Rogerian Argument/Argument and Literature343(88)
Rogerian Argument and Common Ground
344(43)
Achieving Common Ground in Rogerian Argument
346(1)
Rogerian Argument as Strategy
347(2)
Writing Rogerian Argument
349(1)
Variations of Rogerian Argument
350(1)
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument
351(36)
Review Questions
352(1)
Exercises and Activities
353(1)
Essays for Analysis
When Special Care Is Called For, Advertisement
354(2)
Human Cloning: Is It a Viable Option?
356(4)
Angela A. Boatwright
Special Education's Best Intentions
360(3)
Lois Agnew
Dear Mom
363(3)
Taryn Barnett
A Letter to William A. Henry III
366(2)
Doran Hayes
Appendix to Chapter 11: Review and Synthesis of the Strategies for Reading and Writing Argument
368(1)
Rhetorical Situation for Martin Luther King Jr.'s ``Letter from Birmingham Jail''
368(1)
Reading the Letters and Reporting to the Class
369(2)
A Call for Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen
371(1)
Letter from Birmingham Jail
372(15)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Argument and Literature
387(44)
Finding and Analyzing Arguments in Literature
388(4)
What Is at Issue? What Is the Claim?
388(2)
Characters Making Arguments
390(2)
Writing Arguments about Literature
392(26)
Review Questions
394(1)
Exercises and Activities
394(1)
Literature for Analysis
Theme for English B
395(1)
Langston Hughes
The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas
396(5)
Ursula K. Le Guin
Trifles
401(12)
Susan Glaspell
Argument by a Literary Character: Antony's Funeral Speech for Caesar from Julius Caesar
413(2)
William Shakespeare
Marc Antony's Argument
415(3)
Sara Orr
Synthesis of Chapters 1--12: Summary Charts
418(13)
Trace: The Rhetorical Situation
419(1)
The Processes: Reading and Writing
419(2)
The Toulmin Model
421(1)
Types of Claims
422(2)
Types of Proof and Tests of Validity
424(7)
Part Five The Reader431(4)
Introduction to ``The Reader'': Reading and Writing about Issue Areas
433(2)
Purpose of ``The Reader''
433(1)
How to Use ``The Reader''
434(1)
Questions to Help You Read Critically and Analytically
434(1)
Questions to Help You Read Creatively and Move from Reading to Writing
434(1)
SECTION I: Issues Concerning Families435(35)
The Issues
435(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
436(1)
How Do Men's and Women's Ideas about Themselves Influence the Roles They Play in Their Families?
436(15)
The Opposite Sex
436(2)
Steven Doloff
The Future Is Ours to Lose
438(3)
Naomi Wolf
Can Women ``Have It All''?
441(3)
William A. Henry III
Father's Role at Home Is Under Negotiation
444(1)
Scott Coltrane
Building a Better Dad
445(6)
Jerry Adler
What Are Some Variations on the Traditional Family? How Effective Are These Variations?
451(18)
The Future of Marriage
451(5)
Stephanie Coontz
Single Motherhood Is a Joy, Not a Disaster
456(2)
Carolyn Edy
A Matter of Faith
458(5)
Jerry Adler
Marriage as We See It
463(2)
Chris Glaser
Let Gays Marry
465(2)
Andrew Sullivan
Leave Marriage Alone
467(1)
William Bennett
The Changing Family: Breaking the Mold of a Traditional Home
468(1)
Esther B. Fein
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Family Issues
469(1)
SECTION II: Issues in Education470(27)
The Issues
470(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
471(1)
What Should Schools Teach?
472(9)
Toward Good Thinking on Essential Questions
472(3)
Howard Gardner
Finding the Answers in Drills and Rigor
475(3)
E. D. Hirsch Jr.
The Hollow Curriculum
478(3)
Robert N. Sollod
What Can Be Done to Improve Schools?
481(8)
Back to Basics in the Bronx
481(4)
David Grann
Science for Girls Only
485(1)
Patricia A. King
What Should Be Done about Bias in Our Children's Textbooks?
486(3)
Paul C. Vitz
What Are Some Problems with Grading and Evaluating Learning?
489(7)
Making the Grade
489(2)
Kurt Wiesenfeld
Where's the Merit in the S.A.T.?
491(2)
Eugene E. Garcia
What Do Tests Test?
493(2)
Howard Gardner
Looking for the Tidy Mind, Alas
495(1)
Janny Scott
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Education Issues
496(1)
SECTION III: Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals497(35)
The Issues
497(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
498(1)
How Should We Treat Convicted Criminals?
499(12)
Reflections from a Life Behind Bars: Build Colleges, Not Prisons
499(4)
James Gilligan
Unconventional Punishment for Criminals Catching On
503(2)
Nicole Koch
A Jailbreak for Geriatrics
505(2)
George F. Will
Witness to an Execution
507(2)
Terry FitzPatrick
Turning Bad into Good
509(2)
Graeme Newman
What Should Be Done with Young Offenders?
511(13)
Punishment
511(1)
Patricia Cohen
Crackdown on Kids: Giving Up on the Young
512(5)
Mike Males
Fay Docuyanan
Who Shot Johnny?
517(3)
Debra Dickerson
Peace in the Streets
520(4)
Geoffrey Canada
Do Violent Video Games and Books Cause Young People to Commit Crimes?
524(7)
The Secret Life of Teens
524(4)
John Leland
The Doom Factor
528(1)
John C. Dvorak
Full Metal Dust Jacket: Books Are Violent, Too
529(2)
Doreen Carvajal
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals
531(1)
SECTION IV: Issues Concerning Computers532(33)
The Issues
532(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
533(1)
How Are Computers Changing the Culture?
534(11)
The New Wired World
534(2)
An Age of Optimism
536(2)
Nicholas Negroponte
An Inexorable Emergence: Transition to the Twenty-First Century
538(4)
Ray Kurzweil
Workers of the World, Get On-Line
542(3)
Daniel McGinn
Joan Raymond
How Are Computers Changing Their Users?
545(11)
Drag Net: From Glen to Glenda and Back Again---Is It Possible?
545(3)
Sherry Turkle
Computers Will Be More Human
548(3)
Michael J. Miller
Potholes on the Road Ahead
551(2)
Peter McGrath
How Private Is Your Life?
553(3)
Peter Maas
How Are Computers Changing Education?
556(8)
Wire All Schools? Not So Fast...
556(2)
Michael Dertouzos
More Colleges Plunging into Unchartered Waters of On-Line Courses
558(3)
Karen W. Arenson
The Great Campus Goof-Off Machine
561(1)
Nate Stulman
Universities Find Sharp Rise in Computer-Aided Cheating
562(2)
Ian Zack
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Computer Issues
564(1)
SECTION V: Issues Concerning Race and Culture in America565(36)
The Issues
565(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
566(1)
How Do Race and Culture Contribute to an Individual's Sense of Identity?
567(16)
Teaching Resistance: The Racial Politics of Mass Media
567(3)
bell hooks
The Matter of Whiteness
570(4)
Richard Dyer
Documented/Undocumented
574(3)
Guillermo Gomez-Pena
On Being a Conceptual Anomaly
577(5)
Dorinne K. Kondo
Culture by the Campfire
582(1)
Esther Pan
Sherry Keene-Osborn
How Close Has America Come to Achieving Racial Equality?
583(16)
The Good News about Black America
583(6)
Ellis Cose
The Color of Suspicion
589(5)
Jeffrey Goldberg
The Politics of Respectability
594(4)
Randall Kennedy
Improvement Is a Myth
598(1)
Ana Figueroa
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Race and Culture in America
599(2)
SECTION VI: Issues Concerning Genetic Engineering601(34)
The Issues
601(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
601(2)
To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Agriculture?
603(8)
Playing God in the Garden
603(3)
Michael Pollan
Bioengineered Corn May Kill Monarch Butterflies
606(1)
Rick Weiss
Genetic Engineering Embraced Everywhere Except Europe
607(1)
Michael Specter
Britons Will Meet on Genetic Foods
608(1)
Monsanto Says It Won't Market Infertile Seeds
609(1)
Barnaby J. Feder
Public Meetings Planned on Bioengineered Foods
610(1)
To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Animals?
611(11)
With Cloning of a Sheep, the Ethical Ground Shifts
611(3)
Gina Kolata
Keeping Them Down on the Pharm
614(4)
Justin Gillis
Could This Pig Save Your Life?
618(4)
Sheryl Gay Stolberg
To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Humans?
622(12)
Should We ``Fix'' Nature's Genetic Mistakes?
622(2)
Christopher Joyce
Engineering Temperament
624(4)
Dean Hamer
Peter Copeland
Reprogenetics: A Glimpse of Things to Come
628(5)
Lee M. Silver
DNA and Destiny
633(1)
David P. Barash
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Genetic Engineering Issues
634(1)
SECTION VII: Issues Concerning Responsibility635(34)
The Issues
635(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
636(1)
Who Should Be Responsible for the Children?
636(12)
There's No Place Like Work
636(6)
Arlie Russell Hochschild
Good News for Working Moms
642(1)
Barbara Vobejda
Day Care: A Grand and Troubling Social Experiment
643(2)
Dorothy Conniff
The Kids Are All Right
645(3)
Susan Faludi
Who Should Be Responsible for the Poor?
648(19)
Replacing the Welfare State with an Opportunity Society
648(8)
Newt Gingrich
Project to Rescue Needy Stumbles Against the Persistence of Poverty
656(3)
Jason De Parle
Nickel-and-Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America
659(8)
Barbara Ehrenreich
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Issues Concerning Responsibility
667(2)
Credits669(4)
Topic Index673(6)
Author--Title Index679

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