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Oxford Handbook of Dialysis

ISBN: 9780192631602 | 0192631608
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Pub. Date: 4/26/2001

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SummaryTable of Contents
The handbook is a compact but clear and comprehensive guide to all aspects of dialysis, from preparing patients for dialysis, details of both haemo- and peritoneal dialysis, continuous haemofiltration techniques and complications of end stage renal disease. The book is aimed primarily at trainee nephrologists and renal nurses, but will be of relevance, use and interest to all other health care workers involved with patients with end stage renal disease - pharmacists, dieticians, intensivists, and even medical students! The book has been arrange... MORE
Prefacev
Abbreviationsxv
Conversion between SI and conventional unitsxix
Formula for body surface area (BSA) calculationxix
Part 1 The new patient with renal failure
... MORE
Introduction to renal failure
4(2)
Causes of end-stage renal failure
6(2)
Causes of acute renal failure
8(2)
Presentation of renal disease
10(4)
Investigations for patients with ESRD
14(2)
Assessment of renal function at/near end stage: serum biochemistry
16(2)
Assessment of renal function at/near end stage: creatinine clearance
18(2)
Assessment of renal function at/near end stage: other methods
20(2)
Complications of renal failure (1) - symptomatic
22(2)
Complications of renal failure (2) - osteodystrophy and malnutrition
24(2)
Complications of renal failure (3) - fluid overload and percarditis
26(2)
Complications of renal failure (4) - metasolic
28(2)
Conservative management of renal failure: aims
30(2)
Conservative management of renal failure: blood pressure control
32(2)
Conservative management of renal failure: slowing the rate of decline
34(2)
Conservative management of renal failure: lipids and fluid balance
36(2)
Conservative management of renal failure: treatment of complications
38(2)
Conservative management of renal failure: prevention of symptoms
40(2)
Assessment of patients for dialysis: early referral
42(2)
Assessment of patients for dialysis: factors to be assessed
44(4)
Assessment of patients for dialysis: when not to dialyse
48(2)
Checklist for assessing patients in a low clearance clinic
50(2)
Haemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis
52(4)
Choosing which dialysis modality
56(2)
Choice of dialysis modality: case histories
58(2)
When to start dialysis in ESRD
60(2)
Indications for acute dialysis
62(2)
Psychosocial effects of starting dialysis in ESRD: depression and anxiety
64(2)
Psychosocial effects of starting dialysis in ESRD: others
66(2)
Psychosocial effects of dialysis in ARF
68(2)
Assessment for transplant suitability and transplant work up
70(4)
Part 2 Haemodialysis
Principles of haemodialysis
74(2)
Principles of haemodialysis in practice
76(2)
Factors affecting solute clearance on haemodialysis
78(2)
Ultrafiltration during haemodialysis
80(2)
High-efficiency and high-flux haemodialysis
82(2)
Dialysers
84(2)
Dialysis membranes
86(2)
Biocompatibility of membranes
88(2)
Dialysis machines: key features
90(2)
Dialysis machines: additional facilities
92(2)
Dialysis machines: monitors
94(2)
Dialysate (1)
96(2)
Dialysate (2)
98(2)
Water purification
100(2)
Vascular access: overview
102(2)
Permanent vascular access
104(2)
Disadvantages of permanent vascular access
106(2)
Formation of permanent access
108(2)
Stenosis and thrombosis of fistulae and grafts
110(2)
Other complications of fistulae and grafts
112(2)
Tunnelled cuffed catheters
114(2)
Temporary vascular access
116(2)
Insertion of vascular access catheters
118(2)
Complications of temporary access
120(2)
Management of access (catheter) infections
122(2)
Prevention of infection of dialysis access
124(2)
Screening for AVF/graft stenosis
126(2)
Arteriovenous shunt (Scribner)
128(2)
Re-circulation
130(2)
The first dialysis session in chronic and acute renal failure
132(4)
Complications during dialysis
136(2)
Complications during dialysis: hypotension
138(2)
Complications during dialysis: management and prevention of hypotension
140(2)
Complications during dialysis: others
142(2)
Complications during dialysis: dialyser reactions
144(2)
Blood clotting during haemodialysis
146(2)
Anticoagulation for haemodialysis: heparin
148(2)
Regional anticoagulation for haemodialysis
150(2)
Other methods of anticoagulation in haemodialysis
152(2)
Dialysis adequacy: overview
154(2)
Dialysis adequacy: solute clearance
156(2)
Dialysis adequacy: urea kinetic modelling
158(2)
Calculation of Kt/V
160(2)
Dialysis adequacy: other measures of solute clearance
162(2)
Residual renal function
164(2)
Other markers of dialysis adequacy
166(2)
Targets for adequate dialysis
168(2)
Increasing dialysis dose delivered
170(2)
Dialysis adequacy in acute renal failure
172(2)
Prescribing acute haemodialysis
174(2)
Prescribing chronic haemodialysis
176(4)
Haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration
180(2)
Laboratory tests for patients on regular haemodialysis
182(2)
Dry weight
184(2)
Novel measures of dry weight
186(2)
Re-use of dialysers
188(4)
Home haemodialysis and daily haemodialysis
192(2)
Haemodialysis and surgery: pre-operative
194(2)
Haemodialysis and surgery: peri-operative
196(2)
Haemodialysis and surgery: post-operative
198(2)
Haemodialysis in transplant recipients
200(2)
Haemodialysis in terminal care
202(2)
Haemodialysis and haemoperfusion for poisoning
204(2)
Drugs and toxins removed by haemodialysis
206(2)
Drugs and toxins removed by haemoperfusion
208(2)
Haemodialysis for non-renal disease
210(2)
Continuous renal-replacement therapy (1): overview
212(2)
Continuous renal-replacement therapy (2): performance
214(2)
Continuous renal-replacement therapy (3): technical
216(2)
Other continuous renal-replacement techniques
218(2)
Anticoagulation for CRRT: heparin
220(2)
Anticoagulation for CRRT: heparin-free methods
222(2)
Complications of CRRT
224(2)
Part 3 Nursing a haemodialysis patient
Approaching patients on haemodialysis
226(2)
Nursing care of vascular access
228(2)
Cannulation of fistulae
230(2)
Problems with access often recognized by nurses
232(2)
Grafts and shunts
234(2)
Percutaneous vascular catheters
236(2)
Putting patients on dialysis
238(2)
Initiation of treatment
240(2)
Taking patients off dialysis
242(2)
Dialysis machine alarms
244(2)
Care of dialysis machines
246(6)
Nursing patients on CRRT
252(2)
CRRT trouble-shooting guide
254(2)
The dialysis unit
256(2)
Infection on the dialysis unit
258(4)
Part 4 Peritoneal dialysis
Principles of peritoneal dialysis
262(2)
Factors effecting efficiency of pertioneal dialysis
264(2)
Modes of peritoneal dialysis: CAPD and IPD
266(2)
Modes of peritoneal dialysis: APD techniques
268(2)
CAPD technique and systems
270(2)
Peritoneal dialysis catheters
272(2)
Insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters
274(2)
Pre-operative preparation for peritoneal catheter insertion
276(2)
Peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion technique
278(2)
Laparoscopic peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion
280(2)
Complications of PD catheter insertion
282(2)
Malfunctioning catheters
284(2)
Investigation and management of malfunctioning catheters
286(2)
Constipation in PD patients
288(2)
Re-siting PD catheters
290(2)
Types of peritoneal dialysate: dialysate composition
292(2)
Types of peritoneal dialysate: ultra filtration
294(2)
New types of peritoneal dialysate
296(2)
Prescribing CAPD
298(2)
Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis
300(4)
Peritoneal dialysis adequacy: goals
304(2)
PET testing and modelling
306(2)
Technique for performing PET test
308(2)
PET results
310(2)
Increasing dialysis delivered by CAPD
312(2)
Examples of alterations in CAPD prescription
314(2)
Prescribing APD
316(2)
Increasing delivered dialysis and ultrafiltration in APD
318(2)
Examples of alterations in APD prescription
320(2)
Peritoneal dialysis in anuric patients
322(4)
Peritoneal dialysis in acute renal failure
326(2)
Prescribing PD in acute renal failure
328(2)
Exit-site infections
330(2)
Prevention of exit-site infections
332(2)
Peritonitis overview
334(2)
Risk factors and prevention of peritonitis
336(2)
Clinical features of peritonitis
338(2)
Diagnosis of peritonitis
340(2)
Treatment of peritonitis: principles
342(2)
Treatment of peritonitis: protocol
344(2)
Treatment of resistant peritonitis
346(2)
Complications of peritonitis
348(2)
Hernias, leaks, and other complications
350(2)
Fluid leaks
352(2)
Other complications
354(2)
Peri-operative peritoneal dialysis
356(2)
Peritoneal dialysis and transplantation
358(2)
Peritoneal dialysis for poisoning
360(2)
Part 5 Nursing issues in peritoneal dialysis
Role of the nurse in peritoneal dialysis
362(2)
Nursing care of peritoneal catheters: exit site
364(2)
Nursing care of peritoneal catheters: catheters
366(2)
Training patients for CAPD
368(2)
Training programme
370(2)
Training patients for APD
372(2)
Organizing outpatient care of PD patients
374(4)
Part 6 Nutrition on dialysis
Malnutrition in ESRD
378(2)
Nutritional requirements in chronic renal failure (pre-dialysis)
380(2)
Dietetic treatment plan for pre-dialysis patients
382(2)
Assessment of nutritional status: clinical
384(2)
Assessment of nutritional status: food intake
386(2)
Assessment of nutritional status: biochemical
388(2)
Nutritional requirements in HD and PD
390(2)
Strategies for achieving nutritional aims
392(2)
Dietary problems specific to ethnic minority patients
394(2)
Supplemental vitamins and trace elements
396(2)
Use of nutritional supplements
398(2)
Fluid requirements in renal failure
400(2)
Nutrition in acute renal failure
402(2)
Routes for nutritional support in acute renal failure
404(4)
Part 7 Special situations
Dialysis in the elderly
408(2)
Managing diabetic patients on dialysis
410(2)
Problems for diabetic patients on dialysis
412(2)
Surgery in dialysis patients
414(2)
Myeloma and renal failure
416(2)
Myeloma and dialysis
418(2)
Pregnancy in dialysis patients
420(2)
Managing pregnancy in dialysis patients
422(2)
Plasmapheresis
424(2)
Techniques of plasmapheresis
426(4)
Complications of plasmapheresis
430(2)
Specific indications for plasmapheresis
432(2)
Immunoadsorption techniques
434(2)
Indications for immunoadsorption
436(2)
Part 8 Complications of ESRD: anaemia
Causes of anaemia and assessment
438(2)
Assessment of iron stores
440(2)
Erythropoietin: administration
442(2)
Erythropoietin: dosing and side-effects
444(2)
Target haemoglobin
446(2)
Iron supplements
448(6)
Part 9 Complications of ESRD: fluid overload
Part 10 Complications of ESRD: renal bone disease
Renal osteodystrophy
454(2)
Clinical features of hyperparathyroid bone disease
456(2)
Biochemical features of hyperparathyroid bone disease
458(2)
Clinical features of low-turnover bone disease
460(2)
Biochemical features of low turnover bone disease
462(2)
Medical management of hyperparathyroid bone disease
464(4)
Examples of treatment plans for renal bone disease
468(2)
Parathyroidectomy
470(4)
Part 11 Complications of ESRD: cardiovascular disease
Ischaemic heart disease
474(2)
Management of ischaemic heart disease in dialysis patients
476(2)
Hypertension
478(2)
Blood pressure control in patients on haemodialysis
480(2)
Blood pressure control in patients on peritoneal dialysis
482(2)
Other vascular disease
484(4)
Part 12 Complications of ESRD: infection
Infection risk in dialysis patients
488(2)
Non-access related infections in dialysis patients
490(2)
Resistant organisms: MRSA
492(2)
Resistant organisms: VISA, VRE and others
494(2)
Viral infections: HBV and HCV
496(2)
Viral infection: other viruses
498(4)
Part 13 Other complications of ESRD
Dialysis amyloid
502(2)
Dialysis amyloid diagnosis and management
504(2)
Renal cysts and tumours
506(2)
Pruritus
508(2)
Neurological complications
510(2)
Gastro-intestinal bleeding
512(2)
Acidosis
514(2)
Sexual dysfunction
516(2)
Aluminium toxicity
518(2)
Blood biochemistry in ESRD
520(2)
Tumour markers in ESRD
522(2)
Quality of life
524(2)
Employment and rehabilitation
526(4)
Part 14 Death in dialysis patients
Causes of death in patients in dialysis
530(2)
Management of cardiac arrest during dialysis
532(2)
Withdrawal of dialysis
534(2)
Withdrawal of dialysis: case histories
536(4)
Part 15 Drug prescribing in patients on dialysis
Drug handling in renal failure
540(2)
Dosing of commonly prescribed drugs
542(4)
Dosing of antimicrobial drugs
546(4)
Dosing of antifungal and antiviral drugs
550(2)
Dosing of antiretroviral drugs
552(2)
Dosing of antituberculous drugs
554(2)
Drugs that do not require dosage alteration
556(2)
Drugs to be avoided
558(2)
Notes on some specific drugs
560(4)
Factors affecting drug removal by CRRT
564(2)
Dosing of drugs commonly used during CRRT
566
Part 16 Standards documents: the UK Renal Association and the US DOQI guidelines
Overview of UK Renal Association standards (1997)
564(4)
Overview of American DOQI standards (1997)
568(6)
Overview of American DOQI guidelines for nutrition in CRF (2000)
574(7)
Appendix: useful web sites581(4)
Index585

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