9780131849709

Based upon classical and contemporary theory and empirical research, this book forms a sociological analysis of organizations, focusing on the impacts that organizations have upon individuals and society.Chapter topics include the nature of organizations, organizational structure, power and power outcomes, leadership, decision making, communication, change, organizational environments and interorganizational relationships, organizational theory, and organizational effectiveness.For individuals and industry professionals interested in the sociology of organizations and organizational behavior.

Preface

xv

Part I The Nature of Organizations

Chapter 1 The Nature of Organizations

1

(26)

Overview

1

(1)

Why Study Organizations?

1

(3)

Why Do We Have Organizations?

4

(1)

The Definition of Organizations

4

(1)

Organizations and Individuals

5

(3)

Categories of Individuals

8

(1)

Organizations and the Community

9

(2)

Societal Outcomes

11

(6)

Some Specific Organizational Impacts

11

(4)

General Societal Outcomes

15

(2)

Organizations and Social Change

17

(6)

Internal Change and the Social Structure

17

(1)

The Organization as a Change Agent

17

(4)

Organizations as Resisters of Change

21

(2)

Multinational Organizations

23

(2)

The Voluntary Organization

25

(1)

Why Study Organizations?

25

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

26

(1)

Exercises

26

(1)

Part II Organizational Structure

Chapter 2 Organizational Structure: Forms and Outcomes

27

(36)

Overview

27

(2)

Defining Organizational Structure

29

(2)

Multiple Structures

30

(1)

Structural Forms

31

(1)

Complexity

31

(6)

Variance of Complexity Elements

37

(7)

Coordination and Control

39

(3)

Some Additional Correlates of Complexity

42

(2)

Formalization

44

(5)

Formalization and Other Organizational Properties

46

(3)

Formalization and Outcomes for Individuals

49

(5)

Reactions to Formalization

51

(3)

Centralization

54

(8)

What Is Centralized or Decentralized?

55

(1)

Centralization and Other Organizational Properties

55

(4)

Centralization and Macropolitical Considerations

59

(2)

Centralization and Micropolitical Considerations

61

(1)

The Outcomes of Centralization

62

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

62

(1)

Exercises

62

(1)

Chapter 3 Organizational Structure: Explanations

63

(23)

Overview

63

(2)

Contextual Explanations

65

(12)

Size

65

(3)

Technology

68

(4)

Internal Culture

72

(1)

The Environment

73

(1)

National Culture

74

(3)

Organizational Design

77

(6)

Strategic Choice

78

(3)

The Institutional Explanation

81

(2)

Explaining Organizational Structure

83

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

84

(1)

Exercises

85

(1)

Part III Organizational Processes

Chapter 4 Power and Power Outcomes

86

(21)

Overview

86

(1)

The Nature of Power in Organizations

87

(1)

Authority and Power

87

(2)

Other Types of Power

89

(6)

Access to Resources

90

(1)

Resources and Strategic Contingencies

91

(3)

Social Definitions and Strategic Contingencies

94

(1)

Shifts in Power

95

(1)

Power Outcomes: Compliance and Involvement

96

(1)

Power Outcomes: Conflict

97

(4)

Bases of Conflict

97

(2)

Professional-Organizational Relationships

99

(2)

The Components of Conflict Situations

101

(2)

The Outcomes of Conflict

103

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

104

(2)

Exercises

106

(1)

Chapter 5 Leadership

107

(20)

Overview

107

(1)

What Is Leadership?

108

(6)

Functions of Leadership

109

(1)

Components of Leadership

110

(4)

The Outcomes of Leadership for Organizations

114

(11)

Satisfaction and Productivity

114

(3)

Leadership Succession

117

(8)

Leadership in the Voluntary Organization

125

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

126

(1)

Exercises

126

(1)

Chapter 6 Decision Making

127

(10)

Overview

127

(1)

Organizations as Systems of Decisions

128

(3)

Bounded Rationality and Organizations as Hierarchies of Decisions

128

(1)

Organizational Structure and Decision Making

129

(1)

Politics, Conflict, and Decision Making

130

(1)

Strategic Decision Making

131

(3)

Uncertainty and Strategic Decisions

131

(1)

Constraints on Decision Making

132

(2)

Strategies of Power and Decision Making

134

(2)

Agenda Setting

134

(1)

Controlling Information

135

(1)

Forming Coalitions

136

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

136

(1)

Exercises

136

(1)

Chapter 7 Communication

137

(17)

Overview

137

(1)

The Importance of Communication

138

(2)

Individual Factors

140

(2)

Organizational Factors

142

(1)

Vertical Communication

142

(4)

Dysfunctions of Hierarchy and Some Positive Outcomes

144

(2)

Horizontal Communication

146

(3)

Communication Networks

148

(1)

Communication Problems

149

(2)

Omission

149

(1)

Distortion

150

(1)

Overload

150

(1)

Communication to and from Outside the Organization

151

(1)

Possible Solutions

151

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

153

(1)

Exercises

153

(1)

Chapter 8 Change

154

(19)

Overview

154

(1)

The Nature of Organizational Change

155

(2)

The Potential for Change

156

(1)

The Change Process

157

(10)

Organizational Change Cycles

158

(9)

Innovation in Organizations

167

(5)

Summary and Conclusions

172

(1)

Exercises

172

(1)

Part IV Organizational Environments

Chapter 9 Organizational Environments and Interorganizational Relationships

173

(34)

Overview

173

(1)

The Environment and the Formation of Organizations

174

(2)

Environmental Dimensions

176

(7)

Technological Conditions

176

(1)

Legal Conditions

177

(1)

Political Conditions

178

(1)

Economic Conditions

179

(2)

Demographic Conditions

181

(1)

Ecological Conditions

182

(1)

Cultural Conditions

182

(1)

Analytical Dimensions

183

(3)

Environmental Capacity

183

(1)

Environmental Homogeneity-Heterogeneity

184

(1)

Environmental Stability-Instability

184

(1)

Environmental Concentration-Dispersion

184

(1)

Domain Consensus-Dissensus

185

(1)

Environmental Turbulence

185

(1)

The Perception of the Environment

186

(1)

The Impact of the Environment on the Organization

187

(2)

Interorganizational Relationships

189

(4)

IOR: Forms and Levels

189

(4)

A Framework for IOR Analysis

193

(9)

General Environmental Characteristics

193

(1)

Situational Factors

194

(3)

Reasons for Interaction

197

(3)

Resource Flows

200

(1)

Transaction Forms

201

(1)

Interlocking Boards of Directors

202

(3)

Outcomes of IOR

205

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

206

(1)

Exercises

206

(1)

Part V Organizational Theory and Organizational Effectiveness

Chapter 10 Organizational Theory

207

(15)

Overview

207

(1)

The Population-Ecology Model

208

(3)

The Resource-Dependence Model

211

(4)

The Rational-Contingency Model

215

(2)

The Institutional Model

217

(4)

Combining the Perspectives

221

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

221

(1)

Exercises

221

(1)

Chapter 11 Organizational Effectiveness

222

(23)

Overview

222

(1)

Toward a Contradiction Model of Effectiveness

223

(2)

Models of Organizational Effectiveness

225

(14)

The Goal Model

226

(3)

Goals and Effectiveness

229

(3)

Participant-Satisfaction Models

232

(3)

Constraints, Goals, and Participants

235

(2)

Effectiveness for Whom?

237

(2)

The Contradiction Model

239

(5)

Some Applications

241

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

244

(1)

Exercises

244

(1)

References

245

(30)

Name Index

275

(10)

Subject Index

285

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

This ninth edition ofOrganizations: Structures, Processes, and Outcomeshas undergone a major revision. Pamela S. Tolbert is now a coauthor and has rewritten three of the chapters. A large number of out-of-date references have been removed. We have tried to make each chapter reflect the cutting edge of the field of sociology of organizations, while retaining the insights that previous research has revealed. Many contemporary organizations are coping with an array of major crises, ranging from terrorism to financial collapse. In the face of these changing conditions, the way in which many organizations continue to function, providing the stability our society needs to persist on its course, is remarkable. This book is intended to help readers understand the sources of both change and stability in modern organizations. We have retained the overviews at the beginning of each chapter and the exercises at the end of each chapter. These appear to be useful resources for students. We have made strong efforts to make this edition more accessible to beginning students of organizations, while still indicating nuances of theories and research that may be of particular interest to those with a stronger background in the field.

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Organizations : Structures, Processes, and Outcomes

Organizations : Structures, Processes, and Outcomes

0131849700

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