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Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

by: Chandra, Ramesh

Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

by: Chandra, Ramesh

ISBN 13:
9780781747530
ISBN 10:
0781747538
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 05/12/2004
Publisher: LWW
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Summary

Since the 1970s, this classic reference has been the book to review for nuclear medicine physics. A member of The Basics series, Nuclear Medicine Physics has become a favorite of residents, practitioners, and technologists in radiology. Inside this Sixth Edition, you'll discover all the features that have made the series a reliable and trusted partner to so many of your colleagues, as well as an array of new and updated features designed to prepare you for the challenges ahead. Book jacket.

Preface

xiii

1 Basic Review

(6)

Matter, Elements, and Atoms

(1)

Simplified Structure of an Atom

(1)

Molecules

(1)

Binding Energy, Ionization, and Excitation

(1)

Forces or Fields

(1)

Electromagnetic Forces

(1)

Characteristic X-Rays and Auger Electrons

(1)

Interchangeability of Mass and Energy

(2)

2 Nuclides and Radioactive Processes

(13)

Nuclides and Their Classification

(1)

Nuclear Structure and Excited States of a Nuclide

(1)

Radionuclides and Stability of Nuclides

(1)

Radioactive Series or Chain

(1)

Radioactive Processes and Conservation Laws

(4)

Alpha Decay

(1)

Beta Decay

(2)

Gamma Decay or Isomeric Transition

(1)

Decay Schemes

(7)

3 Radioactivity: Law of Decay, Half-Life, and Statistics

(11)

Radioactivity: Definition, Units, and Dosage

(1)

Law of Decay

(2)

Calculation of the Mass of a Radioactive Sample

(1)

Specific Activity

(1)

The Exponential Law of Decay

(1)

Half-Life

(4)

Problems on Radioactive Decay

(1)

Average Life (Tav)

(1)

Biological Half-Life

(1)

Effective Half-Life

(1)

Statistics of Radioactive Decay

(4)

Poisson Distribution, Standard Deviation, and Percent Standard Deviation

(1)

Propagation of Statistical Errors

(1)

Room Background

(2)

4 Production of Radionuclides

(9)

Methods of Radionuclide Production

(2)

Reactor-Produced Radionuclides

(1)

Accelerator- or Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides

(1)

Fission-Produced Radionuclides

(1)

General Considerations in the Production of Radionuclides

(1)

Production of Short-Lived Radionuclides, Using a Generator

(6)

Principles of a Generator

(2)

Description of a Typical Generator

(4)

5 Radiopharmaceuticals

(15)

Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical

(1)

Selection of a Radionuclide

(1)

Selection of a Chemical

(1)

Development of a Radiopharmaceutical

(1)

Chemical Studies

(1)

Animal Distribution and Toxicity Studies

(1)

Human or Clinical Studies

(1)

Quality Control of a Radiopharmaceutical

(1)

Radionuclidic Purity

(1)

Radiochemical Purity

(1)

Chemical Purity

(1)

Sterility

(1)

Apyrogenicity

(1)

Labeling of Radiopharmaceuticals with Technetium-99m

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals

(3)

Technetium-99m Pertechnetate (99mTcO4 )

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfur Colloid

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Macroaggregated Albumin (99mTc MAA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Polyphosphate, Pyrophosphate, and Diphosphonate

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Human Serum Albumin

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Red Cells

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Glucoheptonate

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Mertiatide (MAG3)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,6-Dimethyl Acetanilids Iminodiacetic Acid (HIDA) and Related Compounds (Diethyl-IDA, PIPIDA, and DISIDA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Sestamibi (Cardiolite)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Teboroxime (Cardiotec)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Tetrofosmin (Myoview)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Brain Imaging Agents (Exametazime [Ceretec], hexamethylpropyleneamine Oxime [HMPAO], and Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer [ECD])

(1)

Radioiodine-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals (131I and 123I)

(1)

Iodine-131- or Iodine-123-Labeled Sodium Iodide

(1)

Other Iodine-123-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals

(1)

Compounds Labeled with Other Radionuclides

(2)

Gallium-67 Citrate

(1)

Thallous-201 Chloride

(1)

Chromium-51-Labeled Red Cells

(1)

Indium-111-Labeled DTPA

(1)

Indium-111-Labeled Platelets and Leukocytes

(1)

Indium-111-Labeled DTPA Pentetreotide (OctreoScan)

(1)

Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies and Synthetic Peptides

(1)

Radioactive Gases and Aerosols

(1)

Radiopharmeceuticals for PET Imaging

(1)

18FDG (2-deoxy-fluoro-D-glucose)

(1)

Therapeutic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals

(1)

Design of a Radiopharmaceutical for Therapeutic Uses

(1)

Problems and Uses

(1)

Misadministration of Radiopharmaceuticals

(3)

6 Interaction of High-Energy Radiation With Matter

(11)

Interaction of Charged Particles (10 keV to 10 MeV)

(3)

Principal Mechanism of Interaction

(1)

Differences Between Lighter and Heavier Charged Particles

(1)

Range R of a Charged Particle

(1)

Factors That Affect Range, R

(1)

Bremsstrahlung Production

(1)

Stopping Power (S)

(1)

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

(1)

Difference Between LET and Stopping Power S

(1)

Annihilation of Positrons

(1)

Interaction of x- or γ-rays (10 keV to 10 MeV)

(8)

Attenuation and Transmission of X- or γ-Rays

(2)

Attenuation Through Heterogeneous Medium

(1)

Mass Attenuation Coefficient, μ (mass)

(1)

Atomic Attenuation Coefficient, μ (atom)

(1)

Mechanisms of Interaction

(2)

Dependence of μ(mass) and μ(linear) on Z

(1)

Relative Importance of the Three Processes

(1)

Interaction of Neutrons

(2)

7 Radiation Dosimetry

(11)

General Comments on Radiation Dose Calculations

(1)

Definitions and Units

(1)

Radiation Dose, D

(1)

Radiation Dose Rate, dD/dt

(1)

Parameters or Data Needed

(1)

Calculation of the Radiation Dose

(3)

Step 1: Rate of Energy Emission

(1)

Step 2: Rate of Energy Absorption

(1)

Step 3: Dose Rate, dD/dt

(1)

Step 4: Average Dose, D

(1)

Simplification of Radiation Dose Calculations Using "S" Factor

(2)

Some Illustrative Examples

(2)

Radiation Doses in Routine Imaging Procedures

(3)

Radiation Dose to a Fetus

(3)

8 Detection of High-Energy Radiation

(18)

What Do We Want to Know About Radiation?

(1)

Simple Detection

(1)

Quantity of Radiation

(1)

Energy of the Radiation

(1)

Nature of Radiation

(1)

What Makes One Radiation Detector Better Than Another?

(1)

Intrinsic Efficiency or Sensitivity

(1)

Dead Time or Resolving Time

(1)

Energy Discrimination Capability or Energy Resolution

(1)

Other Considerations

(1)

Types of Detectors

(16)

Gas-Filled Detectors

(5)

Scintillation Detectors (Counters)

(8)

Semiconductor Detectors

(3)

9 In Vitro Radiation Detection

(8)

Overall Efficiency E

(1)

Intrinsic Efficiency

(1)

Geometric Efficiency

(1)

Well-type Nal(Tl) Scintillation Detectors (Well Counters)

(2)

Liquid Scintillation Detectors

(5)

Basic Components

(1)

Preparation of the Sample Detector Vial

100

(1)

Problems Arising in Sample Preparation

100

(3)

10 In Vivo Radiation Detection: Basic Problems, Probes, and Rectilinear Scanners

103

(7)

Basic Problems

103

(4)

Collimation

103

(1)

Scattering

104

(2)

Attenuation

106

(1)

Organ Uptake Probes

107

(1)

Nal(Tl) Detector

107

(1)

Collimator

107

(1)

Organ Imaging Devices

107

(3)

Rectilinear Scanner

108

(2)

11 In Vivo Radiation Detection: Scintillation Camera

110

(18)

Scintillation Camera

110

(9)

Collimators

111

(3)

Detector, NaI (Tl) Crystal

114

(1)

Position Determining Circuit (x, y Coordinates)

115

(2)

Display

117

(2)

Imaging with a Scintillation Camera

119

(1)

Interfacing with a Computer or All-digital Camera

120

(2)

Digitization in General

120

(1)

Digitization in the Scintillation Camera

121

(1)

Some Applications of Computers

122

(6)

Automatic Acquisition of Images

122

(2)

Display of Images

124

(1)

Analysis of the Images

124

(4)

12 Operational Characteristics and Quality Control of a Scintillation Camera

128

(11)

Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Spatial Resolution

128

(2)

Point-Spread Function and FWHM

128

(1)

Modulation Transfer Function

128

(2)

Resolution of an Imaging Chain

130

(1)

Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Sensitivity

130

(1)

Point Sensitivity Sp

130

(1)

Line Sensitivity SL

130

(1)

Plane Sensitivity SA

130

(1)

Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imager

131

(1)

Scintillation Camera

131

(1)

Loss of Spatial Resolution Resulting from Septal Penetration

132

(1)

Variation in Spatial Resolution with Depth

132

(1)

Uniformity and High Count Rate Performance of a Scintillation Camera

132

(3)

Uniformity

133

(1)

High Count Rate Performance

134

(1)

Quality Control of Imaging Devices

135

(4)

Scintillation Camera

135

(4)

13 Detectability or Final Contrast in an Image

139

(7)

Parameters that Affect Detectability of a Lesion

139

(4)

Object Contrast

139

(1)

Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imaging Device

140

(1)

Statistical (Quantum) Noise

140

(2)

Projection of Volume Distribution into Areal Distribution

142

(1)

Compton Scattering of γ-Rays

142

(1)

Attenuation

143

(1)

Object Motion

143

(1)

Display Parameters

143

(1)

Contrast-Detail Curve

143

(1)

Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve

144

(2)

14 Emission Computed Tomography

146

(14)

Principles of Transverse Tomography

146

(3)

Considerations in Data Acquisition

146

(2)

Reconstruction of the Cross Section

148

(1)

Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography

149

(4)

Data Acquisition with a Scintillation Camera

149

(1)

Collimators

150

(1)

Attenuation Correction

151

(1)

Scatter Correction

151

(1)

Resolution Correction

152

(1)

Other Requirements or Sources of Error

153

(1)

Positron Emission Tomography

153

(4)

Why PET?

153

(1)

Principles of PET

153

(3)

PET Instrumentation

156

(1)

PET-CT and PET-SPECT Instrument

157

(2)

High-energy SPECT and PET with a Scintillation Camera

159

(1)

15 Biological Effects of Radiation and Risk Evaluation from Radiation Exposure

160

(8)

Mechanism of Biological Damage

160

(1)

Factors Affecting Biological Damage

160

(2)

Radiation Dose

160

(1)

Dose Rate

161

(1)

LET or Type of Radiation

161

(1)

Type of Tissue

161

(1)

Amount of Tissue

162

(1)

Rate of Cell Turnover

162

(1)

Biological Variation

162

(1)

Chemical Modifiers

162

(1)

Biological Effect, Equivalent Dose, and Dose Equivalent

162

(1)

Equivalent Dose

162

(1)

Dose Equivalent

162

(1)

Deleterious Effects in Humans

163

(1)

Acute Effects

163

(1)

Late Effects

163

(1)

Radiation Effects in the Fetus

164

(1)

Different Radiation Exposures and the Concept of Effective Dose or Effective Dose Equivalent

164

(2)

Sources of Radiation Exposure

165

(1)

Methodology for Comparison of Different Exposures

165

(1)

Effective Doses in Nuclear Medicine and Comparison with Other Sources of Exposure

166

(2)

16 Methods of Safe Handling of Radionuclides and Pertaining Rules and Regulations

168

(9)

Principles of Reducing Exposure from External Sources

168

(2)

Time

168

(1)

Distance

169

(1)

Shielding

169

(1)

Avoiding Internal Contamination

170

(1)

The Radioactive Patient

171

(1)

Rules and Regulations

171

(6)

U.S. Regulatory Agencies

171

(1)

Exposure or Dose Limits: Annual Limit on Intake and Derived Air Concentration

171

(1)

ALARA Principle

172

(1)

Types of Licenses

172

(1)

Radiation Safety Committee and Radiation Safety Officer

172

(1)

Personnel Monitoring

173

(1)

Receipt, Use, and Disposal of Radionuclides

173

(1)

Control and Labeling of Areas Where Radionuclides are Stored and/or Used

173

(1)

Contamination Survey and Radiation-Level Monitoring

174

(1)

Receiving and Shipping (Transport) of Radioactive Packages

174

(1)

Accidental Radioactive Spills

174

(3)

A Appendix A: Physical Characteristics of Some Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine

177

(4)

B Appendix B: CGS and SI Units

181

(2)

C Appendix C: Exponential Table

183

(2)

D Appendix D: Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine

185

(2)

E Appendix E: Organ Masses of a Standard Man

187

(2)

Answers

189

(6)

Suggestions for Further Reading

195

(2)

Index

197

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

9780781747530

0781747538

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

9780781747530

0781747538

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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