Rent 9780205329700 | The New Century Handbook | Hult, Christine A.; Huckin, Thomas N. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

The most successful new handbook published in over a decade, The New Century Handbook is the only comprehensive college handbook to be developed with the assumption that students are writing using word processors and are using the Internet as a fundamental source for their research writing. It is the first college handbook to thoroughly integrate an awareness of and instruction on the benefits of computer technology to the writing and research processes. The handbook offers, first and foremost however, a thorough treatment of the writing proces... MOREs, the research process, and grammar, mechanics, and punctuation. The text emphasizes that effective writing, with or without computers, is based on sound rhetorical principles. The authors of the text are major scholars in all of the topic areas covered in the handbook, giving The Century Handbook an authority that is unparalleled among major college handbooks. The Second edition continues to offer up to date and accessible coverage. Chapters on writing explain the various stages of creating a paper, and also incorporate instruction on how students can use word processors to create better developed, well-written essays. Likewise, the research section acknowledges students' varying experience with computers and the Internet, so it illustrates how to find and evaluate print and electronic sources to formulate thoughtful and carefully documented research papers. The chapters on grammar and mechanics offer a complete reference guide and include tips on how to work with grammar- and spell-checkers. The second edition is the first fully integrated web/interactive text in the handbook market. Packaged inside every student textbook is a FREE Interactive Edition CD-ROMa valuable resource and learning tool for students. Throughout the text, icons in the margins indicate where multimedia assets can be found on the CD, and where additional material can be found on the companion website, that expand on the topics discussed in the book. The CD includes dozens of video and audio clips, interactive exercises, and hotlinked URLs to web resources. The website includes coverage which both supplements and complements what is in the handbook, detailed illustrations of HELP box procedures, chapter review assessments and much more.

"The New Century, "Fourth Edition, meets students where they are-as writers and researchers in an electronic age. This handbook shows students how to use new technologies to make appropriate rhetorical choices and to become more successful college writers in all of their courses, while also providing clear, comprehensive coverage of handbook basics-writing, grammar and usage, research, and documentation.

... MORE

Preface

xvii

Part 1 Writing

(154)

Writing and Computers

(8)

Why write?

(4)

Why write with a computer?

(2)

How have computers changed communication?

(2)

Critical Thinking and Reading

(20)

Think critically

(4)

Engage actively and critically in the reading process

(16)

Preparing

(24)

An overview of the writing process

(2)

Experiment and explore

(5)

Invent and prewrite

(7)

Gather information

(1)

Plan and organize

(6)

Try computer prewriting software

(1)

Composing

(18)

Review

(5)

Draft

(2)

Collaborate

(3)

Try composing with a computer

(2)

Review a student draft

(5)

Rewriting

(32)

Shift from writer to reader

(6)

Revise

(8)

Edit

(5)

Proofread

(2)

Give and receive feedback

(5)

Review a model student paper

(6)

Structuring Paragraphs

103

(23)

Write unified paragraphs

104

(2)

Use clear organizational patterns

106

(10)

Use sentence-linking techniques

116

(3)

Be consistent with verb tense, person, and number

119

(1)

Use parallelism to make paragraphs coherent

120

(1)

Decide on appropriate paragraph length

120

(1)

Link paragraphs with key words

121

(1)

Construct effective introductory and concluding paragraphs

122

(4)

Formulating Arguments

126

(29)

Formulate and arguable thesis

127

(6)

Consider your purpose and audience

133

(1)

Generate good supporting evidence

134

(3)

Take note of evidence for alternative views

137

(1)

Develop and test the main points

138

(4)

Build a compelling case

142

(2)

Avoid logical and emotional fallacies

144

(5)

Structure the argument

149

(3)

Electronic argument

152

(3)

Part 2 Research

155

(192)

The Research Project

155

(32)

Become a researcher

155

(5)

Schedule a time frame

160

(3)

Create a research notebook

163

(3)

Create a working bibliography

166

(3)

Gather background information

169

(6)

Conduct focused research

175

(12)

Using the Internet for Research

187

(24)

Use Internet sources throughout the research process

187

(2)

Get to know the Internet and the Web

189

(9)

Search the Internet and the Web

198

(9)

Follow a student Internet search

207

(4)

Evaluating Electronic and Print Sources

211

(13)

Choose legitimate sources

212

(6)

Follow a student's evaluation of Web links

218

(6)

Using Sources

224

(19)

Use sources responsibly

224

(5)

Quote sources sparingly

229

(5)

Paraphrase sources accurately

234

(4)

Summarize sources briefly

238

(5)

Writing the Research Paper

243

(33)

Review your rhetorical stance and thesis

244

(3)

Plan a structure

247

(1)

Write a draft

248

(2)

Review and revise the draft

250

(1)

Follow formatting conventions

251

(4)

Review and annotated student research paper

255

(21)

Documentation Formats

276

(71)

Document by using the MLA system

278

(33)

Document by using the APA system

311

(17)

Document by using the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) system

328

(7)

Document by using the CBE system

335

(7)

Document by using the COS system

342

(2)

Consult the style manual for the appropriate discipline

344

(3)

Part 3 Writing in the Disciplines

347

(80)

Writing in the Humanities

347

(29)

Know the different types of writing in the humanities

348

(1)

Write interpretively or analytically about literature

349

(5)

Review some model student papers

354

(15)

Look to the Internet and traditional materials for resources

369

(7)

Writing in the Natural Sciences

376

(28)

Know the different types of writing in the natural sciences

377

(2)

Write objectively about science

379

(1)

Review a sample research report in CBE format

380

(14)

Look to the Internet and Traditional materials for resources

394

(10)

Writing in the Social Sciences

404

(23)

Know the different types of writing in the social sciences

405

(1)

Write persuasively about social science

406

(2)

Review a sample research report in APA format

408

(12)

Look to the Internet and traditional materials for resources

420

(7)

Part 4 Document Design

427

(86)

Design Principles and Graphics

427

(24)

Follow the three basic design principles

428

(2)

Use formatting tools

430

(13)

Use graphics

443

(7)

Respect different norms and preferences

450

(1)

Desktop Publishing

451

(14)

Produce a simple brochure

452

(4)

Produce a simple newsletter

456

(9)

Designing for the Web

465

(18)

Generate a basic design for the Web

466

(2)

Plan your Web document

468

(15)

Writing for the Web

483

(30)

Methods used to construct Web pages

484

(1)

HTML editors and HTML codes

485

(24)

Refine your Web site

509

(3)

Transfer your site to an Internet server

512

(1)

Part 5 Special Purpose Writing

513

(52)

Using Email and Computer Networks

513

(23)

Build community through electronic mail

514

(8)

Build community through online networks

522

(14)

Business Correspondence and Reports

536

(20)

Write concise and professional business letters

536

(3)

Write specifically tailored letters of application

539

(3)

Write densely but appropriately packed resumes

542

(7)

Write clearly organized reports

549

(4)

Write focused memos

553

(3)

Essay Exams

556

(9)

Prepare for an essay exam

556

(5)

Attend to the writing process

561

(2)

Review sample student responses to an essay exam question

563

(2)

Part 6 Sentence Grammar

565

(67)

Sentence Structure

565

(21)

Learn to identify parts of speech

565

(8)

Learn to identify basic sentence patterns

573

(5)

Learn to expand sentences

578

(4)

Learn how to classify sentences

582

(4)

Pronoun Case

586

(8)

Use the subjective case when a pronoun functions as a sentence subject, clause subject, or subject complement

587

(1)

Use the objective case when a pronoun functions as an object

587

(1)

Test for pronoun case in compound constructions by using the pronoun alone

588

(2)

Choose the form for an interrogative or relative pronoun based on how it functions in its clause

590

(1)

Distinguish between possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns

591

(1)

Choose the case for a pronoun in a comparison based on how it would function in its own clause

592

(2)

Verbs

594

(20)

Learn the regular verb forms

594

(2)

Learn common irregular verb forms

596

(3)

Know how to use auxiliary verbs

599

(2)

Learn the verb tenses

601

(4)

Observe sequence of tenses

605

(3)

Use transitive and intransitive verbs correctly

608

(1)

Favor active over passive voice

609

(2)

Make sure verbs are in the proper mood

611

(3)

Agreement

614

(10)

Make verbs agre in number and person with their grammatical subjects

614

(5)

Make pronouns agree in number and gender with their antecedents

619

(5)

Adjectives and Adverbs

624

(8)

Use adjectives to modify nouns

624

(1)

Avoid overuse of nouns as modifiers

625

(1)

Use adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and clauses

626

(1)

Be aware of some commonly confused adjectives and adverbs

626

(1)

Use comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs correctly

627

(3)

Avoid double negatives

630

(2)

Part 7 Correct Sentences

632

(29)

Sentence Fragments

632

(7)

Make sentences grammatically complete

633

(2)

Connect dependent clauses

635

(1)

Connect phrases

635

(3)

Use sentence fragments only for special effect

638

(1)

Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences

639

(4)

Turn one clause into a subordinate clause

640

(1)

Separate clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction

641

(1)

Separate independent clauses with a semicolon

641

(2)

Pronoun Reference

643

(5)

Refer to a specific noun antecedent

643

(2)

Avoid vague use of this, that, which, and it

645

(1)

Avoid mixed uses of it

646

(1)

Be consistent with use of that, which, and who

646

(2)

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

648

(6)

Position modifiers close to the words they modify

648

(1)

Avoid ambiguity

649

(1)

Try to put lengthy modifiers at the beginning or end

650

(1)

Avoid disruptive modifiers

650

(2)

Avoid dangling modifiers

652

(2)

Faulty Shifts

654

(7)

Avoid unnecessary shifts in person and number

654

(1)

Avoid unnecessary shifts in verb tense, mood, subject, and voice

655

(2)

Avoid shifts in tone

657

(1)

Avoid mixed constructions

658

(1)

Create consistency between subjects and predicates

659

(1)

Avoid unmarked shifts between direct and indirect discourse

659

(2)

Part 8 Effective Sentences

661

(47)

Clarity and Conciseness

661

(10)

Avoid excessively long sentences

661

(1)

Avoid unnecessary repetition and redundancy

662

(1)

Use expletives only where appropriate

663

(1)

Use passive voice only where appropriate

663

(1)

Eliminate wordy phrases

664

(1)

Avoid a noun-heavy style

665

(2)

Choose words that express your meaning precisely

667

(1)

Use that to clarify sentence structure

668

(1)

Make comparisons complete and clear

668

(1)

Avoid multiple negation

669

(2)

Coordination and Subordination

671

(6)

Look for a way to combine closely related sentences

671

(1)

Coordinate related sentences of equal value

672

(1)

Subordinate less important ideas

673

(4)

Parallelism

677

(9)

Put parallel content in parallel form

677

(3)

Make all items in a list or series parallel

680

(1)

Use parallelism with correlative conjunctions

681

(1)

Use parallelism for comparisons or contrasts

682

(1)

Make parallel constructions complete and clear

682

(1)

Use parallelism to enhance coherence

683

(3)

Emphasis

686

(6)

Create emphasis through end-weight

686

(1)

Create emphasis through selective repetition

687

(1)

Create emphasis through contrast

688

(1)

Create emphasis through careful word choice

689

(1)

Create emphasis through punctuation or typography

690

(2)

Variety

692

(7)

Vary sentence length

692

(2)

Vary sentence structure

694

(1)

Avoid excessive repetition

694

(4)

Respect different standards and purposes

698

(1)

Word-Processing Tools for Improving Sentences

699

(9)

Use a grammar checker with caution

699

(4)

Use sentence revision applications

703

(2)

Use other applications

705

(3)

Part 9 Effective Words

708

(53)

Choosing the Right Words

708

(14)

Choose the right denotation

708

(3)

Choose the right connotation

711

(1)

Find the right level of formality

712

(2)

Avoid jargon, slang, or dialect

714

(2)

Avoid pretentiousness

716

(1)

Try to please the ear

717

(1)

Use figurative language thoughtfully

718

(4)

Avoiding Biased Language

722

(6)

Avoid biased gender references

722

(3)

Avoid biased language about race and ethnicity

725

(1)

Avoid biased language about age

726

(1)

Avoid biased language about other differences

726

(2)

Building a Powerful Vocabulary

728

(9)

Learn roots, prefixes, and suffixes

728

(4)

Learn denotations and connotations

732

(1)

Learn related words

733

(4)

Using a Thesaurus and a Dictionary

737

(10)

Use a thesaurus to find the exact word

738

(4)

Use a dictionary to learn about words

742

(5)

Spelling

747

(14)

Use a spell checker

747

(2)

Master troublesome homophones

749

(4)

Guard against common spelling errors

753

(2)

Learn general spelling rules and patterns

755

(6)

Part 10 Punctuation

761

(52)

End Punctuation

761

(6)

The Period

761

(1)

Use a period to mark the end of a statement

761

(1)

Use periods to punctuate initials and many abbreviations

762

(1)

Use periods to mark basic divisions in units and computer names

762

(1)

Avoid common misuses of periods

762

(2)

The Question Mark

763

(1)

Use a question mark after a direct request

764

(1)

Do not use a question mark after an indirect question

764

(1)

The Exclamation Point

765

(1)

Use an exclamation point to signal a strong statement

765

(2)

The Comma

767

(15)

Use a comma to set off an introductory phrase or clause

767

(1)

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction to separate independent clauses

768

(2)

Use commas between items in a series

770

(1)

Use commas to separate coordinate adjectives

770

(1)

Use commas to set off nonessential phrases or clauses

771

(2)

Use commas to set off conjunctive adverbs

773

(1)

Use commas with dates, place names and addresses, titles and degrees, and numbers

773

(1)

Use commas with speaker tags

774

(1)

Use commas with markers of direct address

775

(1)

Avoid misuse of commas

776

(6)

The Semicolon

782

(4)

Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses not linked by a coordinating conjunction

782

(1)

Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses linked by a conjunctive adverb

783

(1)

Use semicolons in a series with internal punctuation

783

(1)

Place semicolons outside quotation marks

783

(1)

Avoid common semicolon errors

783

(3)

The Colon

786

(4)

Use a colon to introduce a list or an appositive

786

(1)

Use a colon to set off a second independent clause that explains the first

787

(1)

Use a colon to introduce a quotation

787

(1)

Use colon in titles

788

(1)

Use colons in business letters and memos

788

(1)

Use colons in numbers and addresses

788

(2)

The Apostrophe

790

(5)

Use apostrophes with nouns to indicate possession

790

(2)

Use apostrophes to indicate contractions and omitted letters

792

(1)

Use apostrophes to mark certain plural forms

792

(1)

Avoid misusing the apostrophe

793

(2)

Quotation Marks

795

(7)

Use quotation marks for exact direct quotations

795

(1)

Use quotation marks to suggest skepticism about a term

796

(1)

Use quotation marks to indicate shifts of register

797

(1)

Use quotation marks when citing titles of short works

797

(1)

Follow standard practice in using other punctuation with quotations

797

(3)

Avoid misusing quotation marks

800

(2)

Other Punctuation Marks

802

(11)

Parentheses

802

(1)

Use parentheses to insert parenthetical comments

802

(2)

Do not overuse parentheses

804

(1)

Use parentheses around letters or numbers to set off embedded lists

804

(1)

Dashes

804

(1)

Use dashes to highlight extra informational comments

805

(1)

Use dashes to set off important or surprising points

805

(1)

Confine yourself to one pair of dashes per sentence

805

(2)

Brackets

807

(1)

Use brackets to insert editorial comments or clarifications into quotations

807

(1)

Use brackets with the word sic

808

(1)

Use brackets to acknowledge editorial emphasis within a quotation

808

(1)

Use brackets for parenthetical comments with parentheses

809

(1)

Ellipses

809

(1)

Use an ellipsis to indicate a deletion from a quotation

809

(1)

Use an ellipsis to indicate a pause in a sentence

810

(1)

Use brackets around ellipses in quotations when using MLA style

810

(1)

Slashes

811

(1)

Use slashes to separate lines of poetry quoted within a sentence

811

(1)

Use a slash to show alternatives

811

(1)

Use a slash to indicate a fraction

811

(1)

Use slashes in Internet addresses

812

(1)

Use slashes in writing dates informally

812

(1)

Part 11 Mechanics

813

(23)

Capital Letters and Italics

813

(10)

Capital Letters

813

(1)

Capitalize the first word of all free-standing sentences

813

(2)

Capitalize all names, associated titles, and proper adjectives

815

(2)

Capitalize all significant words in titles

817

(1)

Follow the owner's preferences in capitalizing email addresses and URLs

817

(2)

Italics

818

(1)

Italicize titles of independent creative works

819

(1)

Italicize URLs and email addresses

819

(1)

Italicize names of vehicles

820

(1)

Italicize foreign words and phrases

820

(1)

Italicize words, letters, and numbers referred to as such

821

(1)

Italicize words for emphasis

821

(2)

Abbreviations and Numbers

823

(7)

Abbreviations

823

(1)

Abbreviate titles, ranks, and degrees only before or after full names

823

(1)

Use abbreviations after numerical dates and times

824

(1)

Use Latin abbreviations sparingly

824

(1)

Use acronyms and initialisms only if their meaning is clear

825

(1)

Avoid most other abbreviations in formal writing

825

(1)

Numbers

826

(1)

Use figures with abbreviations and conventionally numerical references

826

(1)

Write out other numbers that can be expressed in one or two words

827

(1)

Write out numbers that begin sentences

828

(1)

When one number modifies another, write one as a figure and the other as a word

828

(1)

Write related numbers alike

828

(2)

The Hyphen

830

(6)

Consult your dictionary on hyphenating compounds

830

(1)

Hyphenate compounds acting as adjectives before nouns

831

(1)

Hyphenate spelled-out fractions and numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine

832

(1)

Hyphenate to avoid ambiguity and awkward spellings

832

(1)

Use hyphens for end-of-line word division

832

(4)

Part 12 ESL Issues

836

(33)

Tips on Nouns and Articles

836

(10)

Use the plural only with count nouns

836

(2)

Use the for specific references

838

(3)

Use the with most proper nouns derived from common nouns

841

(1)

Use a or an in nonspecific references to singular count nouns

842

(1)

Use no article in nonspecific references to plural count nouns or noncount nouns

842

(2)

Use other determiners correctly

844

(2)

Tips on Verbs

846

(10)

Phrasal Verbs

846

(1)

Note phrasal verbs as you listen and read

847

(2)

Verb Complements

849

(1)

Learn which verbs take gerunds as complements

849

(1)

Learn which verbs take to infinitives as complements

849

(1)

Learn which verbs take both gerunds and to infinitives as complements

850

(1)

Learn which verbs take only unmarked infinitives as complements

850

(1)

Verbs of State

851

(1)

Do not use the progressive tense with verbs of state

851

(2)

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

852

(1)

Use only a base verb form immediately after a modal auxiliary

853

(1)

Do not use more than one modal at a time

853

(1)

Conditional Sentences

854

(1)

In factual conditionals, use the same verb tense in both parts

854

(1)

In predictive conditionals, use a present-tense verb in the if clause and an appropriate modal in the result clause

854

(1)

In hypothetical conditionals, use a past-tense verb in the if clause and would, could, or might in the result clause

855

(1)

Tips on Word Order

856

(8)

Use inverted word order in sentences

856

(1)

String adjectives in the order preferred in English

857

(1)

String nouns for easiest recognition

858

(2)

Use meaning to place adverbs that modify verbs

860

(1)

Place adverbs directly before adjectives or adverbs that they modify

861

(1)

Place adverbs before sentences or clauses that they modify

861

(1)

Do not put an adverb between a verb and its object

862

(2)

Tips on Vocabulary

864

(5)

Look for cognates, but watch out for ``false friends''

864

(1)

Try to get a feel for collocations

865

(2)

Learn idioms in their entirety

867

(2)

Glossary of Computer Terms

869

(9)

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

878

(16)

Glossary of Usage

894

(9)

Credits

903

(3)

Index

906

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