Rent 9780023133718 | Nature and Properties of Soils | Nyle C. Brady; Raymond R. Weil @knetbooks.com

Preface	p. xv
The Soils Around Us	p. 1
Functions of Soils in Our Ecosystem	p. 2
Medium for Plant Growth	p. 3
Regulator of Water Supplies	p. 6
Recycler of Raw Materials	p. 7
Habitat for Soil Organisms	p. 7
Engineering Medium	p. 8
Soil as Environmental Interface	p. 9
Soil as a Natural Body	p. 10
The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons)	p. 11
Topsoil and Subsoil	p. 15
Soil: The Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life	p. 17
Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils	p. 18
Soil Organic Matter	p. 20
Soil Water: A Dynamic Solution	p. 21
Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases	p. 23
Interaction of Four Components to Supply Plant Nutrients	p. 24
Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots	p. 26
Soil Quality, Degradation, and Resilience	p. 27
Conclusion	p. 29
Study Questions	p. 29
References	p. 30
Formation of Soils from Parent Materials	p. 31
Weathering of Rocks and Minerals	p. 31
Physical Weathering (Disintegration)	p. 36
Biogeochemical Weathering	p. 36
Factors Influencing Soil Formation	p. 39
Parent Materials	p. 40
Residual Parent Material	p. 42
Colluvial Debris	p. 42
Alluvial Stream Deposits	p. 42
Marine Sediments	p. 45
Parent Materials Transported by Glacial Ice and Meltwaters	p. 46
Parent Materials Transported by Wind	p. 49
Organic Deposits	p. 52
Climate	p. 54
Biota: Living Organisms	p. 54
Topography	p. 61
Time	p. 62
Four Basic Processes of Soil Formation	p. 64
The Soil Profile	p. 69
Conclusion	p. 73
Study Questions	p. 73
References	p. 74
Soil Classification	p. 75
Concept of Individual Soils	p. 76
Comprehensive Classification System: Soil Taxonomy	p. 79
Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy	p. 84
Soil Orders	p. 86
Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development)	p. 88
Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon)	p. 92
Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils)	p. 93
Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning)	p. 94
Histisols (Organic Soils without Permafrost)	p. 96
Aridisols (Dry Soils)	p. 98
Vertisols (Dark, Swelling and Cracking Clays)	p. 100
Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands)	p. 103
Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Medium to High Bases)	p. 105
Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Low Bases)	p. 107
Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Low Bases)	p. 109
Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered)	p. 110
Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy	p. 111
Conclusion	p. 118
Study Questions	p. 119
References	p. 119
Soil Architecture and Physical Properties	p. 121
Soil Color	p. 122
Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles)	p. 123
Soil Textural Classes	p. 127
Structure of Mineral Soils	p. 133
Soil Density	p. 136
Pore Space of Mineral Soils	p. 147
Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates	p. 152
Tillage and Structural Management of Soils	p. 160
Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses	p. 165
Conclusion	p. 172
Study Questions	p. 173
References	p. 174
Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior	p. 176
Structure and Related Properties of Water	p. 177
Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water	p. 180
Soil Water Energy Concepts	p. 183
Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential	p. 187
The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil	p. 195
Infiltration and Percolation	p. 200
Water Vapor Movement in Soils	p. 204
Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness	p. 205
Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water	p. 210
Mechanisms by Which Plants Are Supplied with Water	p. 213
Conclusion	p. 215
Study Questions	p. 216
References	p. 217
Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle	p. 219
The Global Hydrologic Cycle	p. 220
Fate of Precipitation and Irrigation Water	p. 222
The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum	p. 228
Efficiency of Water Use	p. 233
Control of Evapotranspiration (ET)	p. 235
Control of Surface Evaporation (E)	p. 236
Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil	p. 240
Percolation and Groundwaters	p. 243
Enhancing Soil Drainage	p. 247
Septic Tank Drain Fields	p. 258
Irrigation Principles and Practices	p. 261
Conclusion	p. 269
Study Questions	p. 270
References	p. 271
Soil Aeration and Temperature	p. 272
Soil Aeration--The Process	p. 273
Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration	p. 274
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential	p. 277
Factors Affecting Soil Aeration	p. 280
Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration	p. 283
Aeration in Relation to Soil and Plant Management	p. 286
Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils	p. 287
Processes Affected by Soil Temperature	p. 294
Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy	p. 301
Thermal Properties of Soils	p. 305
Soil Temperature Control	p. 309
Conclusion	p. 313
Study Questions	p. 313
References	p. 314
Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity	p. 316
General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids	p. 317
Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure	p. 321
Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays	p. 324
Structural Characteristics of Nonsilicate Colloids	p. 329
Genesis and Geographic Distribution of Soil Colloids	p. 333
Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids	p. 336
Adsorption of Cations and Anions	p. 339
Cation Exchange Reactions	p. 341
Cation Exchange Capacity	p. 345
Exchangeable Cations in Field Soil	p. 349
Anion Exchange	p. 352
Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination	p. 354
Binding of Biomolecules to Clay and Humus	p. 355
Physical Implications of Swelling-Type Clays	p. 357
Environmental Uses of Swelling-Type Clays	p. 358
Conclusion	p. 359
Study Questions	p. 360
References	p. 361
Soil Acidity	p. 363
The Process of Soil Acidification	p. 364
Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity	p. 369
Pools of Soil Acidity	p. 369
Buffering of pH in Soils	p. 374
Determination of Soil pH	p. 377
Human-Influenced Soil Acidification	p. 380
Biological Effects of Soil pH	p. 387
Raising Soil pH by Liming	p. 394
Alternative Ways to Ameliorate the III Effects of Soil Acidity	p. 400
Lowering Soil pH	p. 403
Calcium and Magnesium as Plant Nutrients	p. 404
Conclusion	p. 408
Study Questions	p. 409
References	p. 410
Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity	p. 412
Causes of Alkalinity: High Soil pH	p. 413
Characteristics and Problems of Alkaline Soils	p. 415
Development of Salt-Affected Soils	p. 419
Measuring Salinity and Sodicity	p. 422
Classes of Salt-Affected Soils	p. 426
Growth of Plants on Salt-Affected Soils	p. 430
Water-Quality Considerations for Irrigation	p. 434
Reclamation of Saline Soils	p. 436
Reclamation of Saline-Sodic and Sodic Soils	p. 441
Management of Reclaimed Soils	p. 445
Conclusion	p. 445
Study Questions	p. 446
References	p. 447
Organisms and Ecology of the Soil	p. 449
The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil	p. 450
Organisms in Action	p. 452
Organism Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity	p. 457
Earthworms	p. 459
Ants and Termites	p. 463
Soil Microanimals	p. 466
Roots of Higher Plants	p. 470
Soil Algae	p. 473
Soil Fungi	p. 473
Soil Bacteria	p. 481
Soil Actinomycetes	p. 482
Conditions Affecting the Growth of Soil Microorganisms	p. 483
Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms	p. 484
Soil Organisms and Damage to Higher Plants	p. 487
Ecological Relationships Among Soil Organisms	p. 490
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms	p. 493
Conclusion	p. 495
Study Questions	p. 495
References	p. 495
Soil Organic Matter	p. 498
The Global Carbon Cycle	p. 498
The Process of Decomposition in Soils	p. 501
Factors Controlling Rates of Decomposition and Mineralization	p. 505
Humus: Genesis and Nature	p. 512
Composts and Composting	p. 515
Direct Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth	p. 518
Influence of Organic Matter on Soil Properties and the Environment	p. 519
Management of Amount and Quality of Soil Organic Matter	p. 521
Carbon Balance in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System	p. 524
Factors and Practices Influencing Soil Organic Matter Levels	p. 526
Soils and the Greenhouse Effect	p. 533
Organic Soils (Histosols)	p. 537
Conclusion	p. 539
Study Questions	p. 540
References	p. 541
Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils	p. 543
Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development	p. 544
Origin and Distribution of Nitrogen	p. 546
The Nitrogen Cycle	p. 546
Immobilization and Mineralization	p. 546
Soluble Organic Nitrogen	p. 549
Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals	p. 550
Ammonia Volatilization	p. 551
Nitrification	p. 552
The Nitrate Leaching Problem	p. 553
Gaseous Losses by Denitrification	p. 559
Biological Nitrogen Fixation	p. 564
Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes	p. 566
Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes	p. 570
Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation	p. 572
Addition of Nitrogen to Soil in Precipitation	p. 572
Reactions of Nitrogen Fertilizers	p. 573
Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen in Agriculture	p. 574
Importance of Sulfur	p. 575
Natural Sources of Sulfur	p. 578
The Sulfur Cycle	p. 581
Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils	p. 583
Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction	p. 584
Sulfur Retention and Exchange	p. 586
Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance	p. 587
Conclusion	p. 589
Study Questions	p. 589
References	p. 590
Soil Phosphorus and Potassium	p. 592
Role of Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility	p. 593
Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality	p. 595
The Phosphorus Cycle	p. 601
Organic Phosphorus in Soils	p. 604
Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils	p. 606
Solubility of Inorganic Phosphorus in Acid Soils	p. 609
Inorganic Phosphorus Availability at High pH Values	p. 612
Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils	p. 613
Plant Genetics and Phosphorus Availability	p. 618
Practical Control of Phosphorus in Soils	p. 619
Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles	p. 621
Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition	p. 622
The Potassium Cycle	p. 623
The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility	p. 627
Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils	p. 629
Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils	p. 631
Practical Aspects of Potassium Management	p. 633
Conclusion	p. 634
Study Questions	p. 635
References	p. 635
Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements	p. 638
Deficiency Versus Toxicity	p. 639
Role of the Micronutrients	p. 640
Source of Micronutrients	p. 642
General Conditions Conducive to Trace Element Deficiency/Toxicity	p. 644
Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Cations	p. 646
Organic Compounds as Chelates	p. 651
Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Anions	p. 654
Need for Nutrient Balance	p. 660
Trace Element Cleanup and Metal Hyperaccumulators	p. 662
Soil Management and Micronutrient Needs	p. 662
Conclusion	p. 666
Study Questions	p. 667
References	p. 667
Practical Nutrient Management	p. 669
Goals of Nutrient Management	p. 670
Environmental Quality	p. 673
Nutrient Resources and Cycles	p. 684
Recycling Nutrients through Animal Manures	p. 690
Industrial and Municipal By-Products	p. 696
Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources	p. 701
Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers	p. 703
Fertilizer Application Methods	p. 710
Timing of Fertilizer Application	p. 715
Diagnostic Tools and Methods	p. 716
Soil Analysis	p. 720
Site-Specific Nutrient Management	p. 725
Site-Index Approach to Phosphorus Management	p. 727
Broader Aspects of Fertilizer Practice	p. 733
Conclusion	p. 736
Study Questions	p. 736
References	p. 737
Soil Erosion and Its Control	p. 740
Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation	p. 741
On-Site and Off-Site Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion	p. 745
Mechanics of Water Erosion	p. 750
Models to Predict the Extent of Water-Induced Erosion	p. 753
Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion	p. 754
Conservation Tillage	p. 763
Vegetative Barriers	p. 768
Control of Gully Erosion and Mass Wasting	p. 770
Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range and Forest Land	p. 772
Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites	p. 775
Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It	p. 779
Predicting and Controlling Wind Erosion	p. 783
Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation	p. 787
Progress in Soil Conservation	p. 789
Real Value of Soil Conservation	p. 792
Conclusion	p. 793
Study Questions	p. 793
References	p. 794
Soils and Chemical Pollution	p. 796
Toxic Organic Chemicals	p. 797
Kinds of Organic Contaminants	p. 800
Behavior of Organic Chemicals in Soil	p. 801
Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms	p. 808
Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals	p. 810
Contamination with Toxic Inorganic Substances	p. 818
Potential Hazards of Chemicals in Sewage Sludge	p. 821
Reactions of Inorganic Contaminants in Soils	p. 823
Prevention and Elimination of Inorganic Chemical Contamination	p. 825
Landfills	p. 827
Radionuclides in Soil	p. 832
Radon Gas from Soils	p. 834
Conclusion	p. 837
Study Questions	p. 837
References	p. 837
Geographic Soils Information	p. 840
Soil Spatial Variability in the Field	p. 840
Techniques and Tools for Mapping Soils	p. 845
Modern Technology for Soil Investigations	p. 849
Remote Sensing Tools for Soils Investigations	p. 850
Air Photos	p. 852
Satellite Imagery	p. 856
Soil Surveys	p. 859
The County Soil Survey Report and Its Utilization	p. 861
Geographic Information Systems	p. 863
GIS, GPS, and Site-Specific Agriculture	p. 866
Conclusion	p. 869
Study Questions	p. 869
References	p. 869
Global Soil Quality as Affected by Human Activities	p. 871
The Concept of Soil Quality/Soil Health	p. 872
Soil Resistance and Resilience	p. 876
Sustaining Biological Productivity	p. 877
The Population Explosion	p. 878
Intensified Agroecosystems--The Green Revolution	p. 879
Effects of Intensified Agroecosystems on Soil Quality or Health	p. 880
Forced Production Intensification	p. 884
Prospects for the Future	p. 887
Modified Intensive Agroecosystems	p. 890
Improving Low-Yielding Agricultural Systems	p. 893
Improving Soil Quality in sub-Saharan Africa	p. 893
Improving Soil Quality in Asia and Latin America	p. 899
Conclusion	p. 900
Study Questions	p. 900
References	p. 901
Canadian and FAO Soil Classification Systems	p. 903
SI Units, Conversion Factors, and Periodic Table of the Elements	p. 907
Glossary	p. 911
Index	p. 937
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