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"An excellent book for those who are interested in learning the current status of research and development . . . [and] who want to get a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art."
—E-Streams

This book provides up-to-date information on research and development in the rapidly growing area of networks based on the multihop ad hoc networking paradigm. It reviews all classes of networks that have successfully adopted this paradigm, pointing out how they penetrated the mass market and sparked breakthrough research.

Covering both physical issues and applications, Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Cutting Edge Directions offers useful tools for professionals and researchers in diverse areas wishing to

learn about the latest trends in sensor, actuator, and robot networking, mesh networks, delay tolerant and opportunistic networking, and vehicular networks.

Chapter coverage includes:

• Multihop ad hoc networking
• Enabling technologies and standards for mobile multihop wireless networking
• Resource optimization in multiradio multichannel wireless mesh networks
• QoS in mesh networks
• Routing and data dissemination in opportunistic networks
• Task farming in crowd computing
• Mobility models, topology, and simulations in VANET
• MAC protocols for VANET
• Wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting nodes
• Robot-assisted wireless sensor networks: recent applications and future challenges
• Advances in underwater acoustic networking
• Security in wireless ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networking will appeal to researchers, developers, and students interested in computer science, electrical engineering, and telecommunications.

2.1 Introduction, 35

2.2 Broadband Wireless Access Technologies, 37

2.3 Wireless Local Area Networks Technologies, 43

2.4 Personal Area Networks Technologies, 53

2.5 Mobility Support in Heterogeneous Scenarios, 65

2.6 Conclusions, 67

3 Application Scenarios 77
Ilias Leontiadis, Ettore Ferranti, Cecilia Mascolo, Liam McNamara, Bence Pasztor, Niki Trigoni, and Sonia Waharte

3.1 Introduction, 78

3.2 Military Applications, 79

3.3 Network Connectivity, 81

3.4 Wireless Sensor Networks, 84

3.5 Search and Rescue, 89

3.6 Vehicular Networks, 93

3.7 Personal Content Dissemination, 96

3.8 Conclusions, 98

4 Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 106
Roberto Di Pietro and Josep Domingo-Ferrer

4.1 Introduction, 106

4.2 Wireless Sensor Networks, 110

4.3 Unattended WSN, 125

4.4 Wireless Mesh Networks, 130

4.5 Delay-Tolerant Networks, 134

4.6 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), 137

4.7 Conclusions and Open Research Issues, 144

5 Architectural Solutions for End-User Mobility 154
Salvatore Vanini and Anna Forster

5.1 Introduction, 154

5.2 Mesh Networks, 155

5.3 Wireless Sensor Networks, 182

5.4 Conclusion, 188

6 ExperimentalWork Versus Simulation in the Study of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 191
Carlo Vallati, Victor Omwando, and Prasant Mohapatra

6.1 Introduction, 191

6.2 Overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Simulation Tools and Experimental Platforms, 192

6.3 Gap Between Simulations and Experiments: Issues and Factors, 199

6.4 Good Simulations: Validation, Verification, and Calibration, 220

6.5 Simulators and Testbeds: Future Prospects, 226

6.6 Conclusion, 228

PART II MESH NETWORKING

7 Resource Optimization in Multiradio Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks 241
Antonio Capone, Ilario Filippini, Stefano Gualandi, and Di Yuan

7.1 Introduction, 242

7.2 Network and Interference Models, 244

7.3 Maximum Link Activation Under the SINR Model, 245

7.4 Optimal Link Scheduling, 247

7.5 Joint Routing and Scheduling, 254

7.6 Dealing with Channel Assignment and Directional Antennas, 257

7.7 Cooperative Networking, 263

7.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Issues, 269

8 Quality of Service in Mesh Networks 275
Raffaele Bruno

8.1 Introduction, 275

8.2 QoS Definition, 277

8.3 A Taxonomy of Existing QoS Routing Approaches, 278

8.4 Routing Protocols with Optimization-Based Path Selection, 280

8.5 Routing Metrics for Minimum-Weight Path Selection, 291

8.6 Feedback-Based Path Selection, 307

8.7 Conclusions, 308

PART III OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKING

9 Applications in Delay-Tolerant and Opportunistic Networks 317
Teemu K¨arkk¨ainen, Mikko Pitkanen, and JoergOtt

9.1 Application Scenarios, 318

9.2 Challenges for Applications Over DTN, 322

9.3 Critical Mechanisms for DTN Applications, 328

9.4 DTN Applications (Case Studies), 336

9.5 Conclusion: Rethinking Applications for DTNs, 357

10 Mobility Models in Opportunistic Networks 360
Kyunghan Lee, Pan Hui, and Song Chong

10.1 Introduction, 360

10.2 Contact-Based Measurement, Analysis, and Modeling, 361

10.3 Trajectory Models, 376

10.4 Implications for Network Protocol Design, 399

10.5 New Paradigm: Delay-Resource Tradeoffs, 406

11 Opportunistic Routing 419
Thrasyvoulos Spyropoulos and Andreea Picu

11.1 Introduction, 420

11.2 Cornerstones of Opportunistic Networks, 422

11.3 Dealing with Uncertainty: Redundancy-Based Routing, 428

11.4 Capitalizing on Structure: Utility-Based Forwarding, 435

11.5 Hybrid Solutions: Combining Redundancy and Utility, 444

11.6 Conclusion, 447

12 Data Dissemination in Opportunistic Networks 453
Chiara Boldrini and Andrea Passarella

12.1 Introduction, 454

12.2 Initial Ideas: PodNet, 456

12.3 Social-Aware Schemes, 460

12.4 Publish/Subscribe Schemes, 464

12.5 Global Optimization, 469

12.6 Infrastructure-Based Approaches, 474

12.7 Approaches Inspired by Unstructured p2p Systems, 478

12.8 Further Readings, 482

13 Task Farming in Crowd Computing 491
Derek G. Murray, Karthik Nilakant, J. Crowcroft, and E. Yoneki

13.1 Introduction, 491

13.2 Ideal Parallelism Model, 494

13.3 Task Farming, 498

13.4 Socially Aware Task Farming, 500

13.5 Related Work, 510

13.6 Conclusions and Future Work, 510

PART IV VANET

14 A Taxonomy of Data Communication Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 517
Yousef-Awwad Daraghmi, Ivan Stojmenovic, and Chih-Wei Yi

14.1 Introduction, 517

14.2 Taxonomy of VANET Communication Protocols, 520

14.3 Reliability-Oriented Geocasting Protocols, 525

14.4 Time-Critical Geocasting Protocols, 527

14.5 Small-Scale Routing Protocols, 529

14.6 Large-Scale Routing, 534

14.7 Summary, 539

14.8 Conclusion and Future Work, 539

15 Mobility Models, Topology, and Simulations in VANET 545
Francisco J. Ros, Juan A. Martinez, and Pedro M. Ruiz

15.1 Introduction and Motivation, 545

15.2 Mobility Models, 547

15.3 Mobility Simulators, 551

15.4 Integrated Simulators, 557

15.5 Modeling Vehicular Communications, 560

15.6 Analysis of Connectivity in Highways, 565

15.7 Conclusion and Future Work, 572

16 ExperimentalWork on VANET 577
Minglu Li and Hongzi Zhu

16.1 Introduction, 577

16.2 MIT CarTel, 579

16.3 UMass DieselNet, 581

16.4 SJTU ShanghaiGrid, 584

16.5 NCTU VANET Testbed, 587

16.6 UCLA CVeT, 589

16.7 GM DSRC Fleet, 590

16.8 FleetNet Project, 591

16.9 Network on Wheels (NOW) Project, 592

16.10 Advanced Safety Vehicles (ASVs), 593

16.11 Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), 594

17 MAC Protocols for VANET 599
Mohammad S. Almalag, Michele C. Weigle, and Stephan Olariu

17.1 Introduction, 599

17.2 MAC Metrics, 602

17.3 IEEE Standards for MAC Protocols for VANETs, 602

17.4 Alternate MAC Protocols for VANET, 606

17.5 Conclusion, 616

18 Cognitive Radio Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Design, Implementation, and Future Challenges 619
Marco Di Felice, Kaushik Roy Chowdhury, and Luciano Bononi

18.1 Introduction, 620

18.2 Characteristics of Cognitive Radio Vehicular Networks, 622

18.3 Applications of Cognitive Radio Vehicular Networks, 628

18.4 CRV Network Architecture, 629

18.5 Classification and Description of Existing Works on CRV Networks, 630

18.6 Research Issues in CRVs, 636

18.7 Conclusion, 640

19 The Next Paradigm Shift: From Vehicular Networks to Vehicular Clouds 645
Stephan Olariu, Tihomir Hristov, and Gongjun Yan

19.1 By Way of Motivation, 646

19.2 The Vehicular Model, 647

19.3 Vehicular Networks, 649

19.4 Cloud Computing, 650

19.5 Vehicular Clouds, 652

19.6 How are Vehicular Clouds Different?, 654

19.7 Feasible Instances of Vehicular Clouds, 657

19.8 More Application Scenarios, 660

19.9 Security and Privacy in Vehicular Clouds, 666

19.10 Key Management, 677

19.11 Research Challenges, 680

19.12 Architectures for Vehicular Clouds, 681

19.13 Resource Aggregation in Vehicular Clouds, 683

19.14 A Simulation Study of VC, 690

19.15 Future Work, 691

19.16 Where to From Here?, 693

PART V SENSOR NETWORKING

20 Wireless Sensor Networks with Energy Harvesting 703
Stefano Basagni, M. Yousof Naderi, Chiara Petrioli, and Dora Spenza

20.1 Introduction, 703

20.2 Node Platforms, 704

20.3 Techniques of Energy Harvesting, 709

20.4 Prediction Models, 713

20.5 Protocols for EHWSNs, 717

21 Robot-AssistedWireless Sensor Networks: Recent Applications and Future Challenges 737
Rafael Falcon, Amiya Nayak, and Ivan Stojmenovic

21.1 Introduction, 737

21.2 Robot-Assisted Sensor Placement, 740

21.3 Robot-Assisted Sensor Relocation, 751

21.4 Robot-Assisted Sensor Maintenance, 762

21.5 Future Challenges, 763

22 Underwater Networks with Limited Mobility: Algorithms, Systems, and Experiments 769
Carrick Detweiler, Elizabeth Basha, Marek Doniec, and Daniela Rus

22.1 Introduction, 770

22.2 Related Work, 772

22.3 Decentralized Control Algorithm, 775

22.4 General System Architecture and Design, 779

22.5 Application-Specific Architecture and Design, 786

22.6 Experiments and Results, 789

22.7 Conclusions, 799

23 Advances in Underwater Acoustic Networking 804
Tommaso Melodia, Hovannes Kulhandjian, Li-Chung Kuo, and Emrecan Demirors

23.1 Introduction, 805

23.2 Communication Architecture, 806

23.3 Basics of Underwater Communications, 807

23.4 Physical Layer, 814

23.5 Medium Access Control Layer, 822

23.6 Network Layer, 829

23.7 Cross-Layer Design, 833

23.8 Experimental Platforms, 834

23.9 UW-Buffalo: An Underwater Acoustic Testbed at the University at Buffalo, 842

23.10 Conclusions, 842

References, 843

Index 853