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Mineralogy

ISBN: 9780023945014 | 002394501X
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
Pub. Date: 5/1/1998

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Table of Contents
Prefaceix
PART I: MINERAL PROPERTIES AND OCCURRENCES1(174)
1 Elements and Minerals
3(23)
Minerals
... MORE3(1)
The Importance of Minerals
4(1)
Elements: The Basic Building Blocks
4(3)
Historical Views of Elements and Matter
4(1)
Modern Views of Elements and Matter: A Review of Basic Chemistry
5(1)
Grouping of Elements and the Periodic Chart
6(1)
Atoms and Elements
7(3)
The Bohr Model
7(2)
Modifications to the Bohr Model
9(1)
Ions
10(1)
The Modern Periodic Table
11(3)
Periods
11(2)
Groups
13(1)
Atomic Number and Mass
13(1)
Box 1.1 What Is a Mole of Quartz?
14(1)
Bonding in Minerals
14(1)
Box 1.2 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Crystals
15(2)
Origin of the Elements and the Earth
17(1)
Hubble's Contributions
17(1)
In the Beginning
17(1)
The Formation of Our Solar System
18(1)
Abundant Elements and Minerals
18(3)
Goldschmidt's Classification
18(1)
Abundance of Elements
19(1)
Anionic Complexes
20(1)
Box 1.3 Chemical Formulas of Minerals
21(1)
Major Elements, Minor Elements, and Trace Elements
21(1)
Box 1.4 How to Normalize a Mineral Analysis
22(2)
Questions for Thought
24(1)
Resources
24(1)
General References
24(2)
2 Crystallization and Classification of Minerals
26(18)
Crystals and Crystallization
26(2)
Box 2.1 Making Glass from Minerals
28(1)
Defects
28(1)
Box 2.2 Pegmatites Contain the Largest Crystals
29(1)
Compositional Zoning
30(1)
Twinning
30(2)
Igneous Minerals
32(1)
Minerals That Precipitate from Aqueous Solutions
32(2)
Metamorphic and Diagenetic Minerals
34(1)
Common Rocks and Minerals
35(1)
Life Spans of Minerals
36(1)
The Laws of Thermodynamics
37(1)
Box 2.3 Scientific Laws, Theories, and Hypotheses
38(1)
Classification of Minerals
38(2)
A Classified List of Minerals
40(2)
Questions for Thought
42(1)
Resources
43(1)
3 Mineral Properties: Hand Specimen Mineralogy
44(17)
Identification of Minerals
44(1)
Mineral Appearance
45(3)
Luster
45(1)
Diaphaneity
45(1)
Color
46(1)
Streak
47(1)
Luminescence
47(1)
Play of Colors
47(1)
Crystal Shape
48(1)
Box 3.1 What's Wrong with This Picture?
48(3)
Box 3.2 Asbestiform Minerals and Health Risks
51(1)
Strength and Breaking of Minerals
51(4)
Tenacity
51(1)
Cleavage, Parting, and Fracture
52(1)
Hardness
53(2)
Box 3.3 Hard and Soft Minerals
55(1)
Density and Specific Gravity
55(3)
Magnetism of Minerals
58(1)
Electrical Properties
58(1)
Reaction to Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
58(1)
Box 3.4 What Is a Pycnometer?
59(1)
Other Properties
59(1)
Questions for Thought
60(1)
Resources
60(1)
4 Optical Mineralogy
61(29)
What Is Light?
62(1)
The Properties of Light
62(1)
Box 4.1 Optical Classification of Minerals
63(3)
Interference
64(2)
Polarization of Light and the Polarizing Microscope
66(2)
Polarized Light
66(1)
Polarizing Microscopes
66(2)
Box 4.2 Identifying Minerals with a Polarizing Microscope
68(1)
Colors in Plane Polarized (PP) Light and Cross Polarized (XP) Light
68(1)
The Velocity of Light in Crystals and the Refractive Index
69(5)
Snell's Law and Light Refraction
71(1)
Becke Lines and Relief
72(2)
Box 4.3 Determining the Refractive Index for Isotropic Minerals
74(1)
Polarization of Light by Anisotropic Crystals
74(6)
Polarizing Filters and Dichroic Minerals
75(1)
Crystals Under Crossed Polars
75(1)
Interference Colors
76(1)
Uniaxial and Biaxial Minerals
77(2)
Accessory Plates and the Sign of Elongation
79(1)
Uniaxial Interference Figures
79(1)
Box 4.4 Determining the Sign of Elongation and Extinction Angle
80(2)
Box 4.5 Obtaining an Interference Figure
82(1)
Biaxial Interference Figures
82(1)
Box 4.6 Determining the Optic Sign of a Uniaxial Mineral
83(1)
Box 4.7 Determining Indices of Refraction for Uniaxial Minerals
84(2)
Box 4.8 The Four Kinds of Oriented Biaxial Interference Figures
86(2)
Box 4.9 Determining Sign and 2V from a Bxa Figure
88(1)
Box 4.10 Determining Sign and 2V from an Optic Axis Figure
89(1)
Questions for Thought
89(1)
Resources
89(1)
5 Igneous Rocks and Silicate Minerals
90(29)
Magmas and Igneous Rocks
90(1)
Compositions of Igneous Rocks
91(1)
Mafic and Silicic Magmas
91(1)
Volatiles
91(1)
Box 5.1 Compositions of Magmas Producing Igneous Rocks (oxide wt. %)
92(1)
Crystallization of Magmas
92(3)
Equilibrium Between Crystals and Melt
92(1)
Bowen's Reaction Series
93(1)
Disequilibrium
94(1)
Silicate Minerals
95(2)
SiO(2) Polymorphs
96(1)
Box 5.2 Pressure-Temperature Phase Diagrams
97(2)
Feldspar Group
97(2)
Box 5.3 How to Use Triangular Diagrams
99(2)
Box 5.4 Miscibility Gaps
101(1)
Box 5.5 The Plagioclase Phase Diagram and Fractional Crystallization
102(7)
Feldspathoid Group
103(1)
Mica Group
104(1)
Chain Silicates
105(1)
Pyroxene Group
105(2)
Amphibole Group
107(2)
Box 5.6 Diopside-Enstatite Solvus and Geothermometry
109(3)
Olivine Group
111(1)
Other Minerals in Igneous Rocks
112(1)
The Naming of Igneous Rocks
112(2)
Simple Classification Scheme
112(1)
Mineral Modes
112(2)
Common Types of Igneous Rock
114(3)
Silicic Igneous Rocks (Greater than 20% quartz)
114(1)
Intermediate and Mafic Igneous Rocks (0-20% quartz)
114(2)
Ultramafic Igneous Rocks
116(1)
Box 5.7 Minerals from the Moon
117(1)
Questions for Thought
117(1)
Resources
118(1)
6 Sedimentary Minerals and Sedimentary Rocks
119(17)
Weathering
120(2)
Transportation, Deposition and Lithification
122(1)
Sedimentary Minerals
122(1)
Silicates
122(1)
Clay Minerals
122(1)
Box 6.1 Zeolites
123(2)
Carbonate Minerals
124(1)
Box 6.2 Clays Used in Industry, Arts, and Ceramics
125(3)
Sulfate Minerals
125(1)
Halides
126(1)
Chert
126(2)
Box 6.3 Limekilns, Mortar, and Cement
128(1)
Common Sedimentary Rocks
128(2)
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
128(2)
Box 6.4 Gypsum: Ingredient of Plaster and Sheetrock
130(1)
Box 6.5 Disposal of Radioactive Waste in Salt Domes
131(1)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
131(1)
Box 6.6 Did the Mediterranean Sea Repeatedly Dry Up in the Past?
132(1)
Box 6.7 Iron Formation
133(1)
Diagenesis
133(1)
Other Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
133(1)
Box 6.8 Laterites and Bauxites
134(1)
Questions for Thought
134(1)
Resources
135(1)
7 Metamorphic Minerals and Metamorphic Rocks
136(21)
The Causes of Metamorphism
136(2)
Box 7.1 Extremes of Metamorphism
138(1)
Metamorphic Textures
139(1)
Metamorphic Minerals
139(1)
Metamorphic Facies
140(1)
Some Common Types of Metamorphic Rock
141(8)
Metamorphosed Pelitic Rocks (Metapelites)
141(1)
Metamorphosed Psammitic Rocks (Metapsammites)
142(3)
Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks (Metabasites)
145(1)
Metamorphosed Limestones and Dolostones (Marbles)
146(1)
Metamorphosed Ultramafic Rocks
147(1)
Metamorphosed Granitic Rocks
147(1)
High-Pressure Rocks
148(1)
Metamorphic Reactions
149(1)
Equilibrium
149(1)
Box 7.2 Examples of Metamorphic Reactions
150(1)
Metamorphic Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule
150(1)
Box 7.3 Thermodynamic Laws and Definitions
151(2)
The Thermodynamics of Reactions
153(2)
The Gibbs Free Energy
153(1)
Changes in Gibbs Energy with Pressure and Temperature
154(1)
Questions for Thought
155(1)
Resources
156(1)
8 Ore Deposits and Economic Minerals
157(18)
Types of Ore Deposits
159(2)
Magmatic Ore Deposits
160(1)
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
160(1)
Box 8.1 Strategic Minerals and Metals
161(1)
Sedimentary Ore Deposits
162(1)
Ore Minerals
162(4)
Native Elements: Metals, Semimetals, and Nonmetals
164(2)
Box 8.2 The Witwatersrand Gold Deposits
166(2)
Sulfides and Sulfosalts
166(1)
Oxides and Hydroxides
167(1)
Box 8.3 Another Look at the Phase Rule and Cu-Fe Sulfide Minerals
168(1)
Gems and Gem Minerals
169(1)
Synthetic Gems and Color Alteration
169(1)
Box 8.4 The World's Major Diamond Producers
170(3)
Cutting and Polishing of Gems
172(1)
Questions for Thought
173(1)
Resources
173(2)
PART II: SYMMETRY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE175(124)
9 Crystal Morphology and Symmetry
177(34)
Symmetry
177(7)
Mirror Planes
177(1)
Rotational Symmetry
178(3)
Inversion Centers
181(3)
Symmetry Is a Property
181(3)
Stereo Diagrams
184(2)
Symmetry on Stereo Diagrams
184(1)
Special Points and General Points
185(1)
Rotoinversion
185(1)
Box 9.1 Proper Rotation Axes and Stereo Diagrams
186(2)
Box 9.2 Rotation Axes with Perpendicular Mirror Planes
188(2)
Combinations of Symmetry Elements: Point Groups
188(2)
Box 9.3 Rotoinversion and Stereo Diagrams
190(4)
Special Angles and General Angles
193(1)
Forms and Crystal Morphology
194(2)
Forms
194(1)
Combinations of Forms
195(1)
Plotting Crystal Faces on a Stereo Diagram
196(2)
Box 9.4 Names of the Most Important Forms
198(2)
Box 9.5 Plotting Crystal Faces on a Stereo Diagram
200(1)
Point Groups and Crystal Systems
201(7)
Box 9.6 Hermann-Mauguin Symbols
208(2)
Questions for Thought
210(1)
Resources
210(1)
10 Crystallography
211(31)
Observations in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
211(2)
Unit Cells and Lattices in Two Dimensions
213(4)
Shapes of Unit Cells in Two Dimensions
213(2)
Motifs and Lattices
215(2)
Box 10.1 Choices of a Unit Cell
217(4)
Symmetry of the Motif and the Lattice
219(2)
Box 10.2 Lattices and Vectors in Two Dimensions
221(1)
Unit Cells and Lattices in Three Dimensions
221(4)
What Shapes Are Possible?
221(4)
Box 10.3 Vectors and Space Lattices
225(4)
Cells with Extra Lattice Points
225(4)
Bravais Lattices
229(1)
Unit Cell Symmetry and Crystal Symmetry
229(2)
Point Groups and Crystal Systems
231(2)
Symmetry of Three-Dimensional Crystal Structures
233(5)
Space Group Operators
233(1)
Screw Axes
233(3)
Glide Planes
236(1)
Space Groups
237(1)
Box 10.4 Why Are There Only 230 Space Groups?
238(1)
Crystal Habit and Crystal Faces
238(3)
Questions for Thought
241(1)
Resources
241(1)
11 Unit Cells, Points, Lines, and Planes
242(16)
Unit Cell Parameters and Crystallographic Axes
242(3)
The Composition of Unit Cells
245(1)
Axial Ratios
245(2)
Points in Unit Cells
247(1)
Lines and Directions in Crystals
248(1)
Planes in Crystals
249(3)
Miller Indices
251(1)
Crystal Forms and the Miller Index
252(2)
General Forms and Special Forms
253(1)
Box 11.1 The Miller Indices of Planes Within a Crystal Structure
254(2)
Zones and Zone Axes
254(2)
Box 11.2 Comparison of a Hexoctahedron with Other Forms in the Cubic System
256(1)
Questions for Thought
257(1)
Resources
257(1)
12 X-ray Diffraction
258(20)
What Are X-Rays?
259(1)
Box 12.1 X-ray Tube
260(1)
Interactions of X Rays and Atoms
260(1)
Interference of X-ray Waves
261(1)
Diffraction by a Row of Atoms
261(2)
Planes of Atoms
263(1)
The Distance Between Planes in Crystals
263(1)
Diffraction by Planes of Atoms
264(1)
Box 12.2 Cell Parameters and d-values
264(2)
Intensity of Diffraction
266(1)
Diffraction at Different Angles
266(1)
Extinctions
267(1)
Single Crystal Diffraction
267(3)
Routine X-ray Analyses
270(4)
Powder Diffraction
270(3)
Identifying Minerals from Powder Patterns
273(1)
Box 12.3 Example of Data from the Powder Diffraction File Data Set
274(1)
CaF(2) fluorite
274(1)
BaSO(4) barite
274(1)
Box 12.4 Identification of Minerals from X-ray Patterns the Old Way
275(1)
Indexing Patterns and Determining Cell Parameters
275(1)
Box 12.5 Indexing a Garnet Pattern and Determining a
276(1)
Questions for Thought
276(1)
Resources
277(1)
13 Atomic Structure
278(21)
The Impact of X-ray Crystallography
278(1)
Ionic Crystals
278(1)
Ionic Radii
279(1)
Coordination Number
280(1)
Closest Packing
281(4)
Packing in Two Dimensions
281(1)
Packing in Three Dimensions
282(2)
Exceptions to Closest Packing
284(1)
Pauling's Rules
285(1)
Pauling's Rule 1
285(1)
Pauling's Rule 2
285(1)
Box 13.1 Why Are They Called Hexagonal Closest Packed (HCP) and Cubic Closest Packed (CCP)?
286(1)
Box 13.2 Pauling's Rules
287(1)
Box 13.3 Who Was Linus Pauling?
288(2)
Pauling's Rule 3
289(1)
Pauling's Rule 4
290(1)
Pauling's Rule 5
290(1)
Oxygen and Other Common Elements
290(1)
Silicate Structures in General
290(1)
Elemental Substitutions in Silicates
291(2)
Structures of the Basic Silicate Subclasses
293(4)
Framework Silicates
293(1)
Sheet Silicates
293(1)
Chain Silicates
294(1)
Ring Silicates
295(1)
Paired Tetrahedral Silicates
296(1)
Isolated Tetrahedral Silicates
296(1)
Structures and Chemistry of Nonsilicates
297(1)
Questions for Thought
298(1)
Resources
298(1)
PART III: MINERAL DESCRIPTIONS299(104)
14 Descriptions of Minerals
301(102)
Framework Silicates
302(13)
Sheet Silicates
315(9)
Chain Silicates
324(10)
Ring Silicates
334(2)
Isolated Tetrahedral Silicates
336(11)
Paired Tetrahedral Silicates
347(2)
Native Elements
349(4)
Sulfides
353(11)
Halides
364(3)
Oxides
367(8)
Hydroxides
375(4)
Carbonates and Nitrates
379(8)
Borates
387(2)
Sulfates
389(5)
Tungstates, Molybdates, and Chromates
394(1)
Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates
395(8)
Appendix A: Classified List of Minerals403(5)
Appendix B: Mineral Identification Tables408(25)
Appendix C: Minerals Separated by Optic System and Sign, and Ordered by Index of Refraction433(5)
Appendix D: Minerals Ordered by Birefringence and Interference Colors in Thin Section438(4)
Appendix E: Minerals Sorted by Hardness442(4)
Appendix F: Minerals Sorted by Specific Gravity446(5)
Glossary451(16)
Mineral Index and List of Mineral Properties467(12)
Subject Index479

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