9780130609045

Using the popular, powerful, and easy-to-understand 68HC11 microprocessor as a representative example, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to the concepts, principles, and techniques of microprocessors and microprocessor based systems.Chapter topics include Number Systems and Codes, Digital Circuits, Memory Devices, Introduction to Computers, Microcomputer Structure and Operation, The Microprocessor: Heart of the Microcomputer, Programming the 68HC11 MPU, Input/Output Modes, and Input/Output Interfacing.For those interested in a career in electrical or computer engineering.

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Number Systems and Codes

1

(34)

Digital Number Systems

2

(9)

Codes

11

(4)

Binary Arithmetic

15

(4)

Addition Using Signed Numbers

19

(2)

Subtraction in the 2's-Complement System

21

(1)

Multiplication of Binary Numbers

22

(1)

Binary Division

23

(1)

Hexadecimal Arithmetic

23

(3)

Floating-Point Numbers

26

(4)

Motorola 68HC11 Floating-Point Format

30

(5)

Glossary

31

(1)

Questions and Problems

32

(3)

Digital Circuits

35

(46)

Parallel and Serial Transmission

36

(1)

Logic Gates

37

(2)

Tri-State (Three-State) Logic

39

(1)

Flip-Flops

40

(2)

Clock Signals

42

(1)

Clocked Flip-Flops

43

(2)

Synchronous and Asynchronous FF Inputs

45

(1)

Setup and Hold Times

46

(1)

FF Registers

47

(3)

IC Registers

50

(2)

Data Busing

52

(2)

Data Bus Operation

54

(8)

Decoders

62

(2)

Encoders

64

(1)

Multiplexers (Data Selectors)

65

(1)

Arithmetic Circuits

66

(1)

Troubleshooting Digital Systems

67

(1)

Internal Digital IC Faults

68

(2)

External Faults

70

(2)

Common Test Equipment Used in the Troubleshooting of Digital Systems

72

(9)

Glossary

75

(3)

Questions and Problems

78

(3)

Memory Devices

81

(58)

Memory Terminology

83

(3)

General Memory Operation

86

(1)

Read-Only Memories

87

(2)

ROM Architecture

89

(3)

ROM Timing

92

(1)

Types of ROM

93

(8)

Flash Memory

101

(4)

ROM Applications

105

(2)

Semiconductor RAMs

107

(1)

RAM Architecture

108

(3)

Static RAM

111

(4)

Dynamic RAM

115

(1)

Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation

115

(6)

DRAM Read/Write Cycles

121

(2)

DRAM Refreshing

123

(1)

Expanding Word Size and Capacity

124

(15)

Glossary

132

(2)

Questions and Problems

134

(5)

Introduction to Computers

139

(48)

What Can Computers Do?

140

(3)

How Do Computers Think?

143

(2)

How Many Kinds of Computers Are There?

145

(1)

Basic Computer Structure

146

(4)

Microprocessors

150

(1)

Computer Words

150

(1)

Binary Data Words

150

(2)

Coded Data Words

152

(1)

Instruction Words

153

(6)

The 68HC11 MPU-A Simplified Version

159

(3)

Executing a Program

162

(5)

Jump and Branch Instructions

167

(2)

Hardware, Software, and Firmware

169

(1)

Programming Languages-Machine Language

170

(1)

Assembly Language

171

(3)

High-Level Languages

174

(2)

Flowcharts

176

(11)

Glossary

178

(3)

Questions and Problems

181

(6)

Microcomputer Structure and Operation

187

(50)

Microcomputer Elements

188

(1)

Why μPs and μCs?

189

(2)

Microcomputer Architecture

191

(6)

Read and Write Timing

197

(5)

Bus Activity During Program Execution

202

(3)

MPU Address Space Allocation

205

(6)

Memory Modules

211

(1)

Address Decoding

211

(1)

Complete Microcomputer Decoding Example

212

(11)

Buffering the MPU Buses

223

(2)

Memory-Mapped and Isolated I/O

225

(1)

Troubleshooting Case Study

226

(11)

Glossary

229

(1)

Questions and Problems

230

(7)

The Microprocessor: Heart of the Microcomputer

237

(34)

68HC11 MPU-More Complete Version

238

(2)

Timing and Control Section

240

(3)

Register Section

243

(12)

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

255

(7)

Microprocessors-Categorized by ALU Size

262

(1)

Microprocessors-Two Directions

262

(9)

Glossary

264

(2)

Questions and Problems

266

(5)

Programming the 68HC11 MPU

271

(111)

68HC11 MPU Programming Model

272

(4)

68HC11 MPU Address Modes

276

(10)

The 68HC11 MPU Instruction Set

286

(3)

Instruction Descriptions

289

(2)

Program Listing Format

291

(1)

Instruction Classifications

292

(1)

CCR Instructions

293

(1)

Register-to-Memory Transfer Instructions

293

(2)

Register-to-Register Transfer Instructions

295

(2)

Arithmetic Instructions

297

(10)

Logical Instructions

307

(4)

Shift and Rotate Instructions

311

(5)

Data-Altering Instructions

316

(4)

Jump Instructions

320

(1)

Conditional Branching

321

(5)

68HC11 Conditional Branch Instructions

326

(6)

Compare Instructions

332

(4)

BIT and TST Instructions

336

(1)

Subroutines

337

(4)

Interrupt Handling Instructions

341

(1)

Applications Using Indexed Addressing

341

(6)

The No-Operation (NOP) and STOP Instructions

347

(1)

Program-Controlled Timing Intervals (Delays)

348

(6)

Time-Delay Subroutines

354

(3)

The Timer System of the 68HC11 MCU

357

(5)

The Software Development Process

362

(20)

Glossary

366

(1)

Questions and Problems

367

(15)

Input/Output Modes

382

(67)

Some Basic Terms

383

(1)

Some Examples of I/O

384

(1)

Input/Output Alternatives

385

(1)

MPU-Initiated-Unconditional I/O Transfer

386

(4)

MPU-Initiated-Conditional (Polled) I/O Transfer

390

(6)

The 68HC11 MCU Block Diagram

396

(1)

Port E of the 68HC11 MCU-A/D Converter

397

(6)

Device-Initiated I/O Transfer-Interrupts

403

(2)

Return Address

405

(2)

Disabling the Interrupt

407

(1)

Types of Interrupt Inputs

407

(5)

Address of an ISR-Interrupt Vectors

412

(1)

Interrupting an ISR

413

(2)

Multiple Interrupts

415

(5)

Port A of the 68HC11 MCU

420

(13)

Direct Memory Access (DMA) I/O Transfer

433

(4)

Troubleshooting Case Study

437

(12)

Glossary

439

(3)

Questions and Problems

442

(7)

Input/Output Interfacing

449

(76)

Practical Interface Considerations

450

(6)

Asynchronous Serial Data Communication

456

(4)

Parallel/Serial Interface-The UART

460

(4)

Motorola 6850 UART (ACIA)

464

(5)

Interfacing the 6850 to the 68HC11 MPU

469

(7)

Port D of the 68HC11 MCU-Serial Communications Interface (SCI)

476

(8)

Synchronous Serial Data Communication

484

(2)

EIA RS-232-C Standard

486

(2)

Introduction to Modems

488

(4)

Parallel I/O Interface Chips

492

(6)

Keyboard Input Devices

498

(8)

Video Display Terminals (VDTs)

506

(6)

Troubleshooting Case Study

512

(13)

Glossary

515

(2)

Questions and Problems

517

(8)

APPENDIX A COMPLETE 68HC11 MCU INSTRUCTION SET

525

(69)

Opcode vs. Instruction Cross Reference

584

(8)

Opcode Map Pages

592

(2)

APPENDIX B THE 68HC11 MCU BLOCK DIAGRAM

594

(2)

APPENDIX C THE 68HC11 MCU REGISTER AND CONTROL BIT ASSIGNMENTS

596

(3)

Answers to Selected Problems

599

(5)

Index

604

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

This book was written to provide a comprehensible introduction to microprocessors and microcomputers for a broad range of readers. It can serve as a textbook in electronic technology, computer technology, and computer science programs from the vocational school to four-year college level. It can also be used by computer hobbyists as well as practicing technicians and engineers. A significant portion of the text requires a basic knowledge of digital principles and circuits. For this reason, a comprehensive review of this material is presented in the first three chapters to help those readers who have only a minimal background or who have been away from the field for a while. It is, however, worth noting that in several sections of Chapter 8, the topic of A/D conversion is addressed. For a better understanding of the text in these sections, elementary knowledge of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) is required. The major philosophy that has been followed in this book is that the principles and techniques of microprocessors and microprocessor-based systems are the most important concepts to understand, and it is not necessary to survey the whole field of available microprocessors and microprocessor applications. We believe that the best pedagogical approach is to use a currently popular, powerful, yet easy-to-understand microprocessor chip as the vehicle for teaching these concepts. We also believe that since 8-bit microprocessors are simple and easy to understand, this makes them an appropriate choice for an introductory textbook. As such, we have chosen to use the 68HC11microprocessor as that vehicle. The 68HC11 is one of the most powerful and flexible 8-bit microprocessors in general use, and it contains all of the elements and features that need to be part of an introduction to microprocessors and microprocessor applications. Everything the reader learns and understands using this representative device can be readily transferred to other microprocessors and applications, including the more complex 16-bit and 32-bit devices. This sixth edition retains all of the valuable learning aids of the previous editions, including (1) extensive use of clearly explained illustrative examples to provide immediate reinforcement; (2) clear, uncluttered diagrams to enhance the understanding of the written material; (3) liberal use of flowcharts; (4) extensive coverage of material on troubleshooting digital systems, internal and external IC faults, and test equipment used to troubleshoot digital systems; (5) several Troubleshooting Case Studies covering 1/O interfacing circuits and RAM decoding logic in a 68HC 11-based circuit; (6) glossaries of important terms at the end of each chapter for easy review of chapter contents; (7) over 470 end-of-chapter questions and problems of varied complexity; (8) a comprehensive index with certain page numbers in boldface type to indicate end-of-chapter glossary definitions; and (9) an extensive appendix containing a detailed description of each of the 68HC 11''s available instructions as well as a complete Op-Code vs. Instruction Cross Reference. The major enhancements to this edition are the inclusion of material on floating point numbers and the use of additional pictures, illustrations, and exercises its the explanation of certain concepts. This includes the following: Chapter 1.Addition of material on floating-point numbers and Motorola 68HC11 Floating-Point Format. Chapters 7-9.Use of the industry standard of one instruction per line when writing assembly language programs. Chapter 7.Inclusion of illustrative aids and step-by-step analysis to explain several addressing modes of the 68HC 11 microcontroller. All Chapters.Significant increase in the number of end-of-chapter questions, problems, and troubleshooting exercises. Expansion of Appendix A to include the reference list and the Opcode Maps for all of the 68HC 11 MCU Instruction Types. In preparing this sixth edition, the very helpful comments and suggestions of several users and reviewers were considered and acted upon. The authors particularly wish to acknowledge Rickey McFadden, Paris Junior College, Paris, TX; Vincent Kassab, Erie Community College North Campus, Williamsville, NY; Fereydoun Jalali, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA; and Gabor Karsai, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, who assisted in this capacity. Ronald J. Tocci Frank J. Ambrosio Monroe Community College

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Microprocessors and Microcomputers Hardware and Software

Microprocessors and Microcomputers Hardware and Software

0130609048

Summary

Table of Contents

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