Inspired by the Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Second Edition ( ESS-2e), this volume presents a concise, well-rounded focus on the statistical concepts and applications that are essential for understanding gathered data in the earth and atmospheric sciences. The book successfully upholds the goals of ESS-2e by combining, in a comprehensive and approachable format, both previously-published and newly-developed contributions written by over 100 leading academics, researchers, and practitioners in these fields. The result is a succinct reference that unveils modern, cutting-edge approaches to the acquistion and analysis of data across diverse subject areas including geology, agriculture, animal science, geophysics, biogrography, and ornithology. In addition, techniques related to survey methodology, computational statistics, and operations research are discussed, where applicable. Newly-covered areas of interest include non-linear weather forecasting, construction geological surveys, assessment of water pollution, and spatio-temporal processes and applications to earth sciences.