9780131113916

This guide provides a brief introduction to navigating the Internet and teaches you how to be a critical consumer of online resources. It includes references related specifically to the discipline of sociology as well as access to the Research Navigator Website. Book jacket.

William C. Cockerham: University of Alabama at Birmingham

PREFACE

xi

1 MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY

1

(18)

Defining Health

2

(1)

Contrasting Ideas about Health and Social Behavior

3

(4)

The Reemergence of Infectious Diseases

7

(5)

The Development of Medical Sociology

12

(5)

Summary

17

(1)

Medical Sociology Internet Sites

18

(1)

2 EPIDEMIOLOGY

19

(21)

Epidemiological Measures

20

(2)

The Development of Epidemiology

22

(3)

The Complexity of Modern Ills: Heart Disease

25

(4)

Disease and Modernization

29

(1)

AIDS

30

(8)

Summary

38

(1)

Epidemiology Internet Sites

38

(2)

3 THE SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY OF HEALTH

40

(32)

Age

40

(4)

Gender

44

(7)

Race

51

(11)

Socioeconomic Status

62

(8)

Summary

70

(1)

Social Demography of Health Internet Sites

70

(2)

4 SOCIAL STRESS

72

(22)

Cooley, Thomas, and Goffman: Symbolic Interaction

73

(2)

Durkheim: Functionalism

75

(4)

Stress

79

(2)

Social Factors and Stress

81

(11)

Summary

92

(1)

Social Stress Internet Sites

93

(1)

5 HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND LIFESTYLES

94

(24)

Health Lifestyles

95

(17)

Preventive Care

112

(4)

Summary

116

(1)

Health Behavior and Lifestyles Internet Sites

117

(1)

6 ILLNESS BEHAVIOR

118

(23)

Self Care

119

(1)

Sociodemographic Variables

120

(15)

Recognizing and Coping with Illness Symptoms

135

(4)

Summary and Conclusion

139

(1)

Illness Behavior Internet Sites

140

(1)

7 THE SICK ROLE

141

(26)

Illness as Deviance

141

(3)

The Functionalist Approach to Deviance

144

(1)

The Sick Role

145

(7)

Criticism of the Sick Role

152

(6)

Labeling Theory

158

(3)

Sickness as Social Deviance?

161

(1)

Being Sick and Disabled

162

(2)

Stigma

164

(1)

Summary

165

(1)

The Sick Role Internet Sites

165

(2)

8 HEALING OPTIONS

167

(18)

Osteopaths

167

(1)

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

168

(2)

Chiropractors

170

(1)

Faith Healers

171

(4)

Folk Healers

175

(8)

Summary

183

(1)

Healing Options Internet Sites

183

(2)

9 DOCTOR-PATIENT INTERACTION

185

(22)

Models of Interaction

186

(4)

Misunderstandings in Communication

190

(3)

Male Physicians and Women Patients

193

(1)

Women Physicians

194

(2)

Cultural Differences in Communication

196

(2)

Patient Compliance

198

(1)

The Future of Doctor-Patient Relations

199

(1)

Doctor-Patient Relations and New Technology

200

(2)

The New Genetics

202

(3)

Summary

205

(1)

Doctor-Patient Interaction Internet Sites

205

(2)

10 PHYSICIANS

207

(22)

The Professionalization of the Physician

207

(8)

The Socialization of the Physician

215

(7)

The Power Structure of American Medicine

222

(5)

Summary

227

(1)

Physicians Internet Sites

228

(1)

11 THE PHYSICIAN IN A CHANGING SOCIETY

229

(17)

Social Control of Medical Practice

231

(4)

Countervailing Power

235

(1)

Government Regulation

236

(1)

Managed Care

237

(1)

The Coming of the Corporation

238

(2)

The Changing Physician-Patient Relationship

240

(1)

The Deprofessionalization of Physicians

241

(2)

The Evolution of the Organization of Medical Practice

243

(1)

Summary

244

(1)

The Physician in a Changing Society Internet Sites

244

(2)

12 NURSES, PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS, PHARMACISTS, AND MIDWIVES

246

(21)

Nursing: Past and Present

247

(11)

Nursing: Future Trends

258

(3)

Physician Assistants

261

(1)

Pharmacists

262

(1)

Midwives

263

(1)

Summary

264

(1)

Nurses, Physician Assistants, Pharmacists, and Midwives Internet Sites

265

(2)

13 HOSPITALS

267

(22)

The Development of the Hospital as a Social Institution

268

(4)

Hospitals in the United States

272

(2)

The Organization of the Nonprofit Community Hospital

274

(7)

The Hospital-Patient Role

281

(4)

The Rising Cost of Hospitalization

285

(2)

Summary

287

(1)

Hospitals Internet Sites

288

(1)

14 HEALTH CARE DELIVERY AND SOCIAL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES

289

(24)

Rising Costs

290

(5)

Equity in Health Services

295

(1)

Distribution of Services

296

(2)

Overview of Health Care Delivery

298

(3)

Social Legislation in Health Care

301

(4)

Health Reform

305

(3)

Health Care: A Right or a Privilege?

308

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

311

(1)

Health Care Delivery and Social Policy in the United States Internet Sites

312

(1)

15 HEALTH CARE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

313

(30)

Socialized Medicine: Canada, Great Britain, and Sweden

319

(10)

Decentralized National Health Programs: Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, and France

329

(11)

Conclusion

340

(1)

Health Care in Developed Countries Internet Sites

341

(2)

16 HEALTH CARE IN FORMER SOCIALIST, SOCIALIST, AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

343

(26)

Socialist Medicine: Alterations in Russia, Poland, Hungary, and China

344

(12)

Socialized Medicine: Saudi Arabia and Kenya

356

(4)

Decentralized National Health: Mexico

360

(3)

Fee-for-Service: South Africa

363

(3)

Conclusion

366

(1)

Health Care in Former Socialist, Socialist, and Developing Countries Internet Sites

367

(2)

REFERENCES

369

(38)

PHOTO CREDITS

407

(1)

NAME INDEX

408

(7)

SUBJECT INDEX

415

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The field of medical sociology has undergone considerable change since the first edition of this textbook appeared in 1978. At that time, much of the research in medical sociology was dependent upon the sponsorship of physicians, and a clear division of labor existed between sociologists working in academic departments in universities and those working in health institutions. Today, that situation has changed drastically. Medical sociology is no longer highly dependent on the medical profession for funding or focus--although a strong alliance continues to exist in many cases. Medical sociologists exercise their craft in an increasingly independent manner, either working with a greater degree of partnership with health care professionals or functioning as medicine's critics should the situation warrant it. Furthermore, research and teaching in medical sociology in both universities and health institutions are increasingly similar in the application of theory and usefulness in addressing problems relevant to clinical practice. In sum, medical sociology has evolved into a mature, objective, and independent field of study and work. Medical sociology has also experienced significant growth worldwide in numbers of practitioners. In many countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and Singapore, medical sociologists are either the largest or one of the largest specialty groups in sociology. The European Society for Health and Medical Sociology is a large and active professional society, as are the medical sociology sections of the American, British, and German sociological associations. In 1999, the American and British medical sociology sections held their first joint meeting at London University's Royal Holloway College. Elsewhere, the Japanese Society of Health and Medical Sociology is working to further develop the field in its nation, while medical sociologists in Latin America hold regional conferences on a regular basis and have their own Spanish-language journals. Numerous books, journals, college and university courses, medical programs, and lecture series in medical sociology now exist in different parts of the world. This textbook, for example, has been translated into Chinese by Yang Hui and Zhang Tuohong of Beijing Medical University and published by Huaxia Publishing House in Beijing. It has also been published in Chinese in Taiwan by Wu-Nan Book Company. Additionally, it has been translated into Spanish by Lourdes Lostao of the Public University of Navarra in Spain and published by Prentice Hall in Madrid. In the United States, several universities offer specialties in medical sociology, while two universities, the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the University of California at San Francisco--both with large medical campuses--offer doctorates in medical sociology. Columbia University in New York City offers a combined Ph.D. program in sociology and public health, while medical sociology is a major focus in sociology departments at the University of Kentucky, Rutgers University, Indiana University, the Kent State and University of Akron Program, Florida State University, and the University of Miami (Florida). Additionally, there are departments of social medicine, which include medical sociologists, at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, as well as McGill University in Montreal. The principal goal of this textbook since its inception has been to introduce students to medical sociology by presenting the ideas, concepts, themes, theories, and research findings in the field. This edition--the ninth--continues this approach. The intent is to identify and discuss the most current issues, debates, and findings in medical sociology.

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Medical Sociology

Medical Sociology

0131113917

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