Rent 9780723433415 | Medical Biochemistry; with STUDENT CONSULT Access

Summary Table of Contents Author Biography

The New Edition of this well-regarded textbook combines basic science and clinical medicine in a concise, easy-to-read format. Fully revised and updated, it reflects the latest information on genetic and molecular biology and integrates even more clinical medicine into the text. At the same time, it retains the dynamic, full-color design that made the first edition such a successcomplete with case histories, advanced concept boxes, and color illustrations that clarify complex biochemical concepts. New summary boxes and an expanded self-assessment section make the text even more useful for review and study. The smart way to study! Elsevier titles STUDENT CONSULT will help you master difficult concepts and study more efficiently in print and online! Perform rapid searches. Integrate bonus content from other disciplines. Download text to your handheld device. And a lot more. Each STUDENT CONSULT title comes with full text online, a unique image library, case studies, USMLE style questions, and online note-taking to enhance your learning experience. Combines basic science and clinical practice in a concise and easy-to-read format. Organizes content by organ, rather than by body system. Uses a dynamic, full-color design, with case histories, advanced concept boxes, and clear photographs and illustrations. Your purchase of this book entitles you to access www.studentconsult.com at no extra charge. This innovative web site offers you... Access to the complete text and illustrations of this book. Integration links to bonus content in other STUDENT CONSULT titles. Content clipping for your handheld. An interactive community center with a wealth of additional resources. The more STUDENT CONSULT titles you buy, the more resources you can access online! Look for the STUDENT CONSULT logo on your favorite Elsevier textbooks! Includes 3 new chapters, Ageing, Nutrition, and Oxygen and Life. Features new Clinical Chemistry boxes in each chapter that highlight and explain relevant laboratory tests. Provides many new clinical illustrations and learning objectives for clearer understanding and quick study. Presents a separate clinical index, making information easier to find quickly. Incorporates new summary boxes to facilitate review. Offers an expanded and improved self-assessment section to test readers' knowledge. With 22 additional contributing experts.

List of Contributors

Preface to First Edition

xiii

Preface to Second Edition

Dedication

xvi

... MORE

Introduction

(6)

J W Baynes

M H Dominiczak

The value of biochemistry

(1)

How this book tells the story of biochemistry

(6)

Amino Acids and Proteins

(18)

N Taniguchi

Introduction

(1)

Amino acids

(5)

Buffers

(1)

Peptides and proteins

(4)

Purification and characterization of proteins

(5)

Analysis of protein structure

(2)

Protein folding and folding disease

(2)

Blood: Cells and Plasma Proteins

(10)

W D Fraser

Introduction

(1)

Plasma and serum

(1)

Formed elements of blood

(1)

Plasma proteins

(6)

The acute phase response and C-reactive protein (CRP)

(3)

Oxygen Transport

(16)

G M Helmkamp

Introduction

(1)

Structure of the heme prosthetic group

(1)

Characteristics of mammalian globin proteins

(7)

Recently identified vertebrate globins

(1)

Insights from myoglobin knockout mice

(1)

Interactions of hemoglobin with nitric oxide

(1)

Normal hemoglobin variants

(1)

Sickle cell disease

(2)

Other hemoglobinopathies

(4)

Catalytic Proteins--Enzymes

(12)

J Fujii

Introduction

(1)

Enzymatic reactions

(4)

Enzyme kinetics

(2)

Enzyme inhibition

(2)

Regulation of enzyme activity

(4)

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

(14)

G Lowe

Introduction

(1)

Hemostasis

(2)

The vessel wall

(1)

Platelets

(3)

Coagulation

(5)

Fibrinolysis

(3)

Membranes and Transport

(16)

M Maeda

Introduction

(1)

Membrane lipids

(1)

Composition of biomembranes

(2)

Types of transport processes

(13)

Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism

(20)

L W Stillway

Introduction

(1)

Oxidation as a source of energy

(1)

Free energy

(1)

Conservation of energy by coupling with ATP

(1)

Mitochondrial synthesis of ATP from reduced coenzymes

(1)

The mitochondrial electron transport system

(5)

The ATP-synthetic proton gradient

102

(3)

P:O ratios and respiratory control

105

(1)

Inhibitors of oxidative metabolism

106

(4)

Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

110

(3)

Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract

113

(14)

I Broom

Introduction

113

(1)

The mechanical and anatomical basis of digestion

113

(2)

General principles of digestion

115

(1)

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

116

(4)

Digestion and absorption of lipids

120

(1)

The pancreas

120

(3)

Digestion and absorption of proteins

123

(4)

Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals

127

(16)

M H Dominiczak

I Broom

Introduction

127

(1)

Fat-soluble vitamins

128

(5)

Water-soluble vitamins

133

(6)

Trace elements

139

(4)

Anaerobic Metabolism of Glucose in the Red Blood Cell

143

(14)

J W Baynes

Introduction

143

(1)

The erythrocyte

143

(1)

Glycolysis

144

(6)

Synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

150

(1)

The pentose phosphate pathway

150

(1)

Concentrations of redox coenzymes in the cell

151

(6)

Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle

157

(18)

J W Baynes

Introduction

157

(1)

Structure of glycogen

157

(1)

Pathway of glycogenesis from blood glucose in liver

158

(1)

Pathway of glycogenolysis in liver

159

(1)

Hormonal regulation of hepatic glycogenolysis

160

(1)

Mechanism of action of glucagon

160

(3)

Mobilization of hepatic glycogen by epinephrine

163

(1)

Glycogenolysis in muscle

164

(1)

Regulation of glycogenesis

165

(2)

Gluconeogenesis

167

(8)

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

175

(14)

L W Stillway

Introduction

175

(1)

Energy production in the TCA cycle

175

(1)

Biosynthesis linked to TCA cycle

175

(2)

Pyruvate carboxylase

177

(1)

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

178

(2)

Enzymes and reactions of the TCA cycle

180

(4)

Energy yield from the TCA cycle

184

(1)

Regulation of the TCA cycle

184

(2)

Anaplerotic ('filling up') reactions

186

(3)

Oxidative Metabolism of Lipids in Liver and Muscle

189

(10)

J W Baynes

Introduction

189

(1)

Activation of fatty acids and their transport to the mitochondrion

189

(1)

Oxidation of fatty acids

190

(4)

Ketogenesis in liver

194

(5)

Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids in Liver and Adipose Tissue

199

(10)

I Broom

Introduction

199

(1)

Fatty acid synthesis

199

(3)

Fatty acid elongation

202

(1)

Desaturation of fatty acids

203

(1)

Essential fatty acids

203

(1)

Storage and transport of fatty acids: the synthesis of triacylglycerols

203

(1)

Regulation of total body fat stores

204

(5)

Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids

209

(16)

M H Dominiczak

G Beastall

Introduction

209

(1)

Cholesterol structure

209

(1)

Free and esterified cholesterol

209

(7)

Cholesterol biosynthesis

216

(1)

Bile acids

217

(1)

Cholesterol excretion

218

(1)

Steroid hormones

218

(2)

Vitamin D3

220

(5)

Lipids and Lipoproteins

225

(20)

M H Dominiczak

Introduction

225

(1)

Structure and function of lipoproteins

226

(4)

Lipoprotein receptors

230

(1)

Measurement of lipoproteins

230

(1)

Metabolism of lipoproteins

231

(3)

Dyslipidemias

234

(2)

Atherogenesis

236

(4)

Cardiovascular risk and its assessment

240

(5)

Biosynthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids

245

(16)

A B Rawitch

Introduction

245

(8)

Metabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acids

253

(3)

Amino acid biosynthesis

256

(1)

Inherited diseases of amino acid metabolism

256

(3)

Amino acids as precursors of signaling molecules

259

(2)

Muscle: Energy Metabolism and Contraction

261

(12)

J A Carson

J W Baynes

Introduction

261

(1)

Structure of muscle

261

(2)

Muscle proteins

263

(5)

Muscle energy metabolism

268

(1)

Metabolism and muscle contraction

268

(5)

Glucose Homeostasis, Fuel Metabolism, and Insulin

273

(26)

M H Dominiczak

Organ-fuel interactions

273

(1)

Glucose homeostasis

274

(1)

Insulin

275

(3)

Hypoglycemia

278

(1)

Metabolism after a meal and in the fasting state

279

(3)

Metabolism during stress, and the metabolic response to injury

282

(4)

Diabetes mellitus: the principal disorder of fuel metabolism

286

(7)

Treatment of diabetes

293

(1)

Assessment of fuel metabolism

294

(5)

Nutrition

299

(16)

M H Dominiczak

Introduction

299

(1)

Key definitions and recommendations used in nutrition science

299

(1)

Nutrition and genetics

299

(2)

The main classes of nutrients

301

(2)

The essential (limiting) nutrients

303

(1)

Water and minerals

303

(1)

Energy homeostasis

304

(1)

Regulation of food intake

305

(1)

Assessment of nutritional status

305

(2)

Malnutrition

307

(1)

Obesity

308

(1)

Diet in health and disease

309

(2)

Nutrition and chronic disease

311

(4)

Water and Electrolyte Balance: Kidney Function

315

(18)

M H Dominiczak

M Szczepanska-Konkel

Introduction

315

(1)

Water, sodium, and potassium metabolism

315

(2)

Osmolality and volume of ECF and ICF

317

(2)

The water balance

319

(1)

The kidney

319

(6)

The importance of plasma potassium concentration

325

(1)

The renin--angiotensin system

326

(2)

Water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct

328

(2)

Water metabolism and sodium metabolism are interrelated

330

(3)

Lung and Kidney: The Control of Acid--Base Balance

333

(12)

M H Dominiczak

M Szczepanska-Konkel

The body buffer systems

333

(3)

The lungs and the gas exchange

336

(4)

Kidneys and the handling of bicarbonate

340

(1)

Clinical disorders of the acid--base balance

341

(4)

Calcium and Bone Metabolism

345

(14)

W D Fraser

Calcium metabolism

347

(5)

Disorders of calcium metabolism and bone

352

(4)

Metabolic bone disease

356

(3)

Complex Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins

359

(16)

A D Elbein

Glycoproteins: structures and linkages

359

(3)

Interconversions and activation of dietary sugars

362

(3)

Other pathways of sugar nucleotide metabolism

365

(1)

Biosynthesis of oligosaccharides

366

(3)

Functions of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins

369

(6)

Complex Lipids

375

(12)

A D Elbein

Introduction

375

(1)

Glycerophospholipids (phospholipids)

375

(4)

Sphingolipids

379

(8)

The Extracellular Matrix

387

(12)

G P Kaushal

A D Elbein

Introduction

387

(1)

Collagens

387

(3)

Noncollagenous proteins in the extracellular matrix

390

(4)

Proteoglycans

394

(5)

Special Liver Function

399

(14)

A F Jones

Introduction

399

(1)

Structure of the liver

399

(1)

Participation of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism

399

(2)

Liver and protein metabolism

401

(2)

Heme synthesis

403

(1)

Bilirubin metabolism

403

(2)

Drug metabolism

405

(3)

Pharmacogenomics

408

(1)

Genomics of liver disease

408

(1)

Biochemical tests of liver function

409

(1)

Classification of liver disorders

410

(3)

Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

413

(12)

R Thornburg

Introduction

413

(1)

Purine metabolism

413

(4)

Pyrimidine metabolism

417

(4)

Formation of deoxynucleotides

421

(4)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

425

(12)

R Thornburg

Introduction

425

(1)

Structure of DNA

425

(5)

The cell cycle

430

(7)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

437

(10)

G A Bannon

Molecular anatomy of RNA molecules

437

(2)

RNA polymerases

439

(1)

The process of transcription

440

(2)

Post-transcriptional processing

442

(5)

Protein Synthesis and Turnover

447

(12)

G A Bannon

Introduction

447

(1)

The genetic code

447

(2)

The machinery of protein synthesis

449

(2)

The process of protein synthesis

451

(4)

Protein targeting and post-translational modifications

455

(4)

Control of Gene Expression

459

(14)

D M Hunt

A Jamieson

Introduction

459

(1)

Basic mechanisms of gene expression

459

(5)

Steroid receptors

464

(1)

Alternative approaches to gene regulation in humans

465

(2)

Gene expression

467

(6)

Recombinant DNA Technology

473

(24)

W S Kistler

A Jamieson

Introduction

473

(1)

Hybridization

473

(7)

DNA amplification and cloning

480

(5)

Specific methods used in the analysis of DNA

485

(7)

DNA sequencing

492

(5)

Oxygen and Life

497

(10)

J W Baynes

Introduction

497

(1)

The inertness of oxygen

497

(2)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OxS)

499

(1)

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

499

(1)

The nature of oxygen radical damage

500

(1)

Antioxidant defenses

501

(6)

The Immune Response

507

(16)

A Farrell

Introduction

507

(1)

The nonspecific immune response

507

(2)

The specific immune response

509

(1)

Lymphoid tissues and traffic between them

510

(1)

Lymphocytes

511

(1)

Molecules involved in antigen recognition

511

(3)

The reaction with, the response to, and the elimination of, antigens

514

(2)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

516

(1)

MHC expression patterns and MHC restricted stimulation

517

(1)

Humoral specific immune response

518

(1)

The cellular and molecular elements of the integrated immune response

519

(2)

Immunologic dysfunction

521

(2)

Biochemical Endocrinology

523

(18)

F F Bolander Jr

Introduction

523

(1)

Hormones

523

(2)

The hypothalamo--pituitary regulatory system

525

(1)

The hypothalamo--pituitary--thyroid axis

526

(3)

The hypothalamo--pituitary--adrenal axis

529

(2)

The hypothalamo--pituitary--gonadal axis

531

(5)

The growth hormone axis

536

(3)

The prolactin axis

539

(2)

Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction

541

(18)

M M Harnett

H S Goodridge

Introduction

541

(1)

Hormone receptors

541

(1)

Receptor coupling to intracellular signal transduction

542

(4)

Second messengers

546

(13)

Neurochemistry

559

(10)

E J Thompson

Introduction

559

(1)

Brain and peripheral nerve

559

(1)

Cells of the nervous system

560

(3)

Synaptic transmission

563

(3)

The mechanism of vision

566

(3)

Neurotransmitters

569

(14)

S Heales

Introduction

569

(1)

Definitions of a neurotransmitter

569

(1)

Classification of neurotransmitters

569

(1)

Neurotransmission

570

(3)

Various classes of neurotransmitters

573

(10)

Cell Growth, Differentiation, and Cancer

583

(16)

M M Harnett

H S Goodridge

Introduction

583

(1)

The cell cycle

583

(1)

Growth factors

584

(5)

Regulation of the cell cycle

589

(1)

Apoptosis

590

(4)

Cancer

594

(5)

Aging

599

(10)

J W Baynes

Introduction

599

(2)

Theories of aging

601

(5)

Aging of muscle -- damage to mitochondrial DNA

606

(1)

Interventions to delay aging -- what works and what doesn't

606

(1)

Genetic models of aging

607

(2)

Appendix: Reference values and clinical decision limits for laboratory tests

609

(62)

M H Dominiczak

Selected serum proteins

609

(1)

Blood gases

609

(1)

Calcium and phosphate

609

(1)

Cerebrospinal fluid

610

(1)

Coagulation

610

(1)

Electrolytes

610

(1)

Endocrine tests

610

(1)

Full blood count

610

(1)

Glucose and glycated hemoglobin

610

(1)

Lipids

611

(1)

Liver function

611

(1)

Key metabolites

611

(1)

Diagnosis of myocardial infarction

611

(1)

Neurotransmitters

611

(1)

Marker of pancreatitis

611

(1)

Trace metals and metal-binding proteins

611

(1)

Vitamins

612

(1)

Self-assessment

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs)

613

(22)

Patient-oriented problems (POPs)

635

(8)

Short-answer questions (SAQs)

643

(6)

MCQ answers

649

(2)

POP answers

651

(4)

SAQ answers

655

(10)

Abbreviations

665

(6)

Index

671

John W Baynes PhD: Carolina Distinguished Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and School of Medicine University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA Marek H Dominiczak MD FRCPath FRCP (Glasg) FACB: Consultant Chemical Pathologist, NHS Greater Glasgow, Western Infirmary and Gartnavel General Hospital; Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Glasgow, UK; Docent in Laboratory Medicine, University of Turku, Finland

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