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Marine Biology

ISBN: 9780697243607 | 0697243605
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: McGraw-Hill College
Pub. Date: 7/1/1996

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SummaryTable of Contents
The new, sixth edition of Marine Biology covers the basics of marine biology and takes a global, non-regional perspective, emphasizing that the world's oceans and seas are an integrated system that cannot be understood by looking in any one person's own backyard. For many students this is a new perspective. This introductory, one-semester text is designed for non-majors.
Prefacexii
part 1 Principles of Marine Science1(62)
The Science of Marine Biology
2(17)
The Science of Marine Biology
... MORE		3(1)
The History of Marine Biology
3(3)
The Challenger Expedition
The Growth of Marine Labs
Marine Biology Today
6(2)
The Scientific Method
8(2)
Observation: The Currency of Science
10(1)
Two Ways of Thinking
11(1)
Induction
Deduction
Testing Ideas
12(4)
Constructing the Hypothesis
The Nature of Scientific Proof
Testing the Hypothesis
The Scientific Theory
Limitations of the Scientific Method
16
Boxed Reading
John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts
12(5)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
17(1)
Thought Questions
18(1)
For Further Reading
18(1)
The Sea Floor
19(20)
The Water Planet
19(1)
The Geography of the Ocean Basins
19(1)
The Structure of the Earth
20(2)
Internal Structure
Continental and Oceanic Crust
The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins
22(1)
Early Evidence of Continental Drift
22(2)
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
24(6)
Discovery of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
Significance of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
Creation of the Sea Floor
Sea-Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
Geological History of the Earth
30(2)
Continental Drift and the Changing Oceans
The Record in the Sediments
Climate and Changes in Sea Level
The Geological Provinces of the Ocean
32(1)
Continental Margins
33(1)
The Continental Shelf
The Continental Slope
The Continental Rise
Active and Passive Margins
Deep-Ocean Basins
34(2)
The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents
36
Boxed Reading
Hot Spots and the Creation of the Hawaiian Islands
35(2)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
37(1)
Thought Questions
38(1)
For Further Reading
38(1)
Chemical and Physical Features of the World Ocean
39(24)
The Waters of the Ocean
39(1)
The Unique Nature of Pure Water
39(3)
The States of Water
Heat and Water
Water as a Solvent
Seawater
42(6)
Salt Composition
Salinity, Temperature, and Density
Dissolved Gases
Transparency
Pressure
Motion in the Ocean
48(1)
Surface Circulation
48(3)
The Coriolis Effect
Wind Patterns
Surface Currents
Waves
51(3)
Tides
54(5)
Why Are There Tides?
Tides in the Real World
Vertical Motion and the Three-Layer Ocean
59(1)
Stability and Overturn
59(1)
The Three-Layer Ocean
60
Boxed Readings
Tall Ships and Surface Currents
52(4)
Waves That Kill
56(6)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
62(1)
Thought Questions
62(1)
For Further Reading
62(1)
part 2 Life in the Marine Environment63(135)
The Business of Life
64(21)
The Ingredients of Life
64(1)
The Building Blocks
64(2)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
The Fuel of Life
66(2)
Photosynthesis: Making the Fuel
Respiration: Burning the Fuel
Primary Production
The Importance of Nutrients
Living Machinery
68(1)
Cells and Organelles
69(2)
Primitive Cells: Prokaryotes
Advanced Cells: Eukaryotes
Levels of Organization
71(1)
Organization Within the Body
Interactions Among Individuals
Challenges of Life in the Sea
72(1)
Salinity
73(2)
Diffusion and Osmosis
Regulation of Salt and Water Balance
Temperature
75(1)
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
76(1)
Perpetuating Life
76(1)
Modes of Reporduction
77(2)
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Reproductive Strategies
79(1)
The Diversity of Life in the Sea
79(1)
Natural Selection and Adaptation
80(1)
Classifying Living Things
80(1)
The Species Concept
Biological Nomenclature
Higher Taxa
The Five Kingdoms of Life
Boxed Reading
How Did It All Begin?
81(3)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
84(1)
Thought Questions
84(1)
For Further Reading
84(1)
Marine Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi, and Plants
85(21)
Prokaryotes
86(1)
Bacteria
86(1)
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Autotrophic Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)
87(1)
Unicellular Algae: The Plant-like Protists
88(1)
Diatoms
89(1)
Dinoflagellates
90(2)
Other Plant-like Protists
92(1)
Protozoans: The Animal-like Protists
92(1)
Foraminiferans
92(1)
Radiolarians
93(1)
Ciliates
93(1)
Fungi
93(1)
Multicellular Algae: The Seaweeds
94(1)
General Structure
94(1)
Types of Seaweeds
95(3)
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red Algae
Life History
98(2)
Economic Importance
100(2)
Flowering Plants
102(1)
Seagrasses
102(1)
Salt-Marsh Plants
103(1)
Mangroves
103
Boxed Readings
The Bay of Fire
91(10)
Seaweeds for Gourmets
101(4)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
105(1)
Thought Questions
105(1)
For Further Reading
105(1)
Marine Animals Without a Backbone
106(36)
Sponges
107(2)
Cnidarians: A Radially Symmetrical Body Plan
109(1)
Types of Cnidarians
110(2)
Hydrozoans
Scyphozoans
Anthozoans
Biology of Cnidarians
112(1)
Digestion
Behavior
Comb Jellies: Radial Symmetry One More Time
113(1)
Bilaterally Symmetrical Worms
113(1)
Flatworms
113(1)
Ribbon Worms
114(1)
Nematodes
114(1)
Segmented Worms
115(3)
Polychaetes
Leeches
Odds and Ends in the World of Worms
118(1)
Peanut Worms
Echiurans
Beard Worms
Arrow Worms
Lophophorates
119(1)
Bryozoans
119(1)
Phoronids
119(1)
Lamp Shells
119(1)
Molluscs: The Successful Soft Body
119(1)
Types of Molluscs
120(4)
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods
Other Molluscs
Biology of Molluscs
124(1)
Digestion
Nervous System and Behavior
Reproduction and Life History
Arthropods: The Armored Achievers
125(1)
Crustaceans: Insects of the Sea
125(3)
The Small Crustaceans
Shrimps, Lobsters, and Crabs
Biology of Crustaceans
128(1)
Digestion
Nervous System and Behavior
Reproduction and Life History
Other Marine Arthropods
129(2)
Horseshoe Crabs
Sea Spiders
Insects
Echinoderms: The Spiny Misfits
131(1)
Types of Echinoderms
132(3)
Sea Stars
Brittle Stars
Sea Urchins
Sea Cucumbers
Crinoids
Biology of Echinoderms
135(1)
Digestion
Nervous System and Behavior
Reproduction and Life History
Hemichordates: A Missing Link?
135(1)
Chordates Without a Backbone
135(1)
Tunicates
136(1)
Lancelets
137
Boxed Readings
The Case of the Killer Cnidarians
112(5)
How to Discover a New Phylum
117(23)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
140(1)
Thought Questions
140(1)
For Further Reading
140(2)
Marine Fishes
142(27)
Vertebrates: An Introduction
142(1)
Types of Fishes
142(1)
Jawless Fishes
143(1)
Cartilaginous Fishes
144(4)
Sharks
Rays and Skates
Ratfishes
Bony Fishes
148(1)
Biology of Fishes
148(1)
Body Shape
148(1)
Coloration
149(1)
Locomotion
150(1)
Feeding
151(1)
Digestion
152(1)
Circulatory System
153(1)
Respiratory System
153(2)
Irrigation of the Gills
Structure of the Gills
Gas Exchange
Regulation of the Internal Environment
155(1)
Nervous System and Sensory Organs
156(1)
Behavior
157(5)
Territoriality
Schooling
Migrations
Reproduction and Life History
162
Reproductive System
Reproductive Behavior
Early Development
Boxed Readings
Shark!
147(11)
A Fish Called Latimeria
158(9)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
167(1)
Thought Questions
167(1)
For Further Reading
168(1)
Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
169(29)
Marine Reptiles
170(1)
Sea Turtles
170(2)
Sea Snakes
172(1)
Other Marine Reptiles
172(1)
Seabirds
172(1)
Penguins
173(1)
Tubenoses
174(1)
Pelicans and Allies
174(1)
Gulls and Allies
175(1)
Shorebirds
175(1)
Marine Mammals
176(1)
Types of Marine Mammals
176(7)
Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses
Sea Otters
Manatees and Dugongs
Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
Biology of Marine Mammals
183
Swimming and Diving
Echolocation
Behavior
Migrations
Reproduction
Boxed Readings
The Whales That Walked to Sea
180(6)
The Other ``Big Bang Theory''
186(2)
How Intelligent Are Cetaceans?
188(7)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
195(1)
Thought Questions
195(1)
For Further Reading
195(3)
part 3 Structure and Function of Marine Ecosystems198(158)
An Introduction to Ecology
199(18)
The Organization of Communities
199(1)
How Populations Grow
200(2)
Ways That Species Interact
202(2)
Competition
Eating Each Other
Living Together
The Flow of Energy and Materials
204(1)
Trophic Structure
205(6)
Trophic Levels
The Trophic Pyramid
Measuring Primary Productivity
Standing Stock
Cycles of Essential Nutrients
211(2)
Biological Zonation of the Marine Environment
213
Boxed Readings
Symbiosis and the Modern Cell
209(6)
Biodiversity: All Creatures Great and Small
215(1)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
216(1)
Thought Questions
216(1)
For Further Reading
216(1)
Between the Tides
217(24)
Rocky Shore Communities
218(1)
Exposure at Low Tide
219(2)
Water Loss
Temperature and Salinity
Restriction of Feeding
The Power of the Sea
221(3)
The Distribution of Wave Energy Along the Shore
Coping with Wave Shock
The Battle for Space
224(2)
Vertical Zonation
226(8)
The Upper Intertidal
The Middle Intertidal
The Lower Intertidal
Soft-Bottom Intertidal Communities
234(1)
The Shifting Sediments
235(1)
Living in the Sediment
236
Oxygen Availability
Getting Around
Feeding
Zonation
Boxed Reading
Transplantation, Removal, and Caging Experiments
227(12)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
239(1)
Thought Questions
240(1)
For Further Reading
240(1)
Estuaries: Where Rivers Meet the Sea
241(17)
Origins and Types of Estuaries
241(1)
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
242(1)
Salinity
243(1)
Substrate
244(1)
Other Physical Factors
244(1)
Estuaries as Ecosystems
244(1)
Living in an Estuary
244(2)
Coping with Salinity
Adapting to the Mud
Types of Estuarine Communities
246(10)
Open Water
Mud Flats
Salt Marshes
Mangrove Forests
Other Estuarine Communities
Feeding Interactions Among Estuarine Organisms
256
Boxed Readings
Life in the Mud
248(3)
Fiddler on the Mud
251(6)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
257(1)
Thought Questions
257(1)
For Further Reading
257(1)
Life on the Continental Shelf
258(19)
Physical Characteristics of the Subtidal Environment
258(2)
The Continental Shelf as an Ecosystem
260(1)
Soft-Bottom Subtidal Communities
260(8)
Unvegetated Soft-Bottom Communities
Seagrass Beds
Hard-Bottom Subtidal Communities
268
Rocky Bottoms
Kelp Communities
Boxed Readings
Antarctica: The Last Frontier
260(10)
Cleaning Symbiosis
270(5)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
275(1)
Thought Questions
276(1)
For Further Reading
276(1)
Coral Reefs
277(24)
The Organisms That Build Reefs
277(1)
Reef Corals
278(2)
The Coral Polyp
Coral Nutrition
Other Reef Builders
280(3)
Conditions for Reef Growth
283(2)
Light and Temperature
Sediments, Salinity, and Pollution
The Kaneohe Bay Story
Kinds of Coral Reefs
285(1)
Fringing Reefs
285(1)
Barrier Reefs
286(2)
Atolls
288(3)
Atoll Structure
How Atolls Grow
The Ecology of Coral Reefs
291(1)
The Trophic Structure of Coral Reefs
291(2)
Coral-Reef Communities
293
Competition
Predation on Corals
The Crown-of-Thorns Problem
Grazing
Living Together
Boxed Readings
Coral Reproduction
281(17)
``Must Have Been Something I Ate''
298(1)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
299(1)
Thought Questions
300(1)
For Further Reading
300(1)
Life Near the Surface
301(32)
The Organisms of the Epipelagic
302(1)
The Plankton: A New Understanding
302(1)
The Phytoplankton
303(3)
The Zooplankton
306(3)
Protozoan Zooplankton
Copepods
Other Crustaceans
Non-Crustacean Zooplankton
Meroplankton
The Nekton
309(1)
Living in the Epipelagic
310(1)
Staying Afloat
311(2)
Increased Resistance
Increased Buoyancy
The Floaters
Predators and Their Prey
313(4)
Sense Organs
Coloration and Camouflage
Swimming: The Need for Speed
Vertical Migration
Epipelagic Food Webs
317(1)
Trophic Levels and Energy Flow
317(4)
The Microbial Loop
321(1)
Patterns of Production
322(7)
Light Limitation
Nutrients
Seasonal Patterns
Upwelling and Productivity
Geographic Patterns
The El Nino-Southern Oscillation
329
Boxed Readings
Red Tides
305(13)
Swimming Machines
318(14)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
332(1)
Thought Questions
332(1)
For Further Reading
332(1)
The Ocean Depths
333(23)
The Twilight World
335(1)
The Animals of the Mesopelagic
335(2)
Zooplankton
Midwater Fishes
Adaptations of Midwater Animals
337(6)
Feeding and Food Webs
Vertical Migration and the Deep Scattering Layer
Sense Organs
Coloration and Body Shape
Bioluminescence
The Oxygen Minimum Layer
The World of Perpetual Darkness
343(1)
The Lack of Food
344(1)
Sex in the Deep Sea
345(1)
Living Under Pressure
346(1)
The Deep-Ocean Floor
347(1)
Feeding in the Deep-Sea Benthos
347(2)
The Nature of Life in the Deep Sea
349(2)
Bacteria in the Deep Sea
351(1)
Hot Springs, Cold Seeps, and Dead Bodies
352
Boxed Reading
The Chambered Nautilus
350(4)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
354(1)
Thought Questions
355(1)
For Further Reading
355(1)
part 4 Humans and the Sea356(59)
Resources from the Sea
357(24)
The Living Resources of the Sea
357(1)
Food from the Sea
357(17)
Major Fishing Areas
Major Food Species
Optimal Yields and Overfishing
Managing the Resources
New Fisheries
Mariculture
Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation
374(2)
Drugs from the Sea
Fisheries for Fun
Non-Living Resources from the Sea Floor
376(1)
Oil and Gas
376(1)
Ocean Mining
377(1)
Non-Living Resources from Seawater
377(1)
Fresh Water
377(1)
Minerals
378(1)
Energy
378
Boxed Readings
Of Fish and Seabirds, Fishermen and Chickens
368(7)
Take Two Sponges and Call Me in the Morning
375(4)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
379(1)
Thought Questions
380(1)
For Further Reading
380(1)
The Impact of Humans on the Marine Environment
381(24)
Pollution
381(1)
Oil
382(2)
Sources
Effects on Marine Life
Sewage
384(1)
Raw Sewage
Sewage Treatment and Sludge
Alternatives
Synthetic Chemicals
385(2)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
PCBs
Heavy Metals
387(1)
Mercury
Other Heavy Metals
Thermal Pollution
388(1)
Solid Waste
389(1)
Radioactive Wastes
389(1)
Modification and Destruction of Habitats
390(1)
Estuaries
390(2)
Mangrove Forests
392(1)
Coral Reefs
392(1)
Threatened and Endangered Species
392(1)
The Case of the Whales
393(3)
Other Marine Species Facing Extinction
396(1)
Alien Species
397(1)
Conserving and Enhancing the Environment
398(1)
Conservation
398(2)
Restoration of Habitats
400(1)
Artificial Reefs
400
Boxed Readings
Living in a Greenhouse: Our Warming Earth
391(9)
Sand on the Run, or What to Do with Our Shrinking Beaches
400(1)
Ten Simple Things We Can Do to Save the Oceans
401(1)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
402(1)
Thought Questions
403(1)
For Further Reading
403(2)
The Oceans and Human Affairs
405(10)
Oceans as Barriers and Avenues
405(3)
Oceans and Cultures
408(4)
Oceans and Recreation
412(1)
Prospects for the Future
413
Boxed Reading
Marine Archaeology
407(6)
Do-It-Yourself Summary
413(1)
Thought Questions
414(1)
For Further Reading
414(1)
appendix A Answers to the Do-It-Yourself Summaries415(3)
appendix B Units of Measurement418(1)
appendix C The World Ocean419(1)
appendix D Major Coastal Communities of North America420(2)
glossary422(14)
credits436(3)
index439

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