9781627226974

2015 marks the 800th anniversary of the signing of the Magna Carta, widely recognized to be a pillar of liberty, major source of the modern concept of executive accountability, and foundation of the rule of law in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Commonwealth countries. Magna Carta and the Rule of Law, is a comprehensive and insightful new book from the American Bar Association. It takes a fresh look at Magna Carta and its impacts on various issues and the rule of law in light of contemporary legal concerns.

It includes an examination of the following aspects of Magna Carta; historical background, importance to constitutionalism and the rule of law, impact on the United States Constitution, executive power, role as a foundation for women's rights and individual rights (such as habeas corpus), relevance to international law, and much more.

This fascinating book was written by a distinguished international group of scholars and features a foreword by Former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.

Daniel Barstow Magraw is a Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute, and a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.

Andrea Martinez is an Associate with the International Justice Initiative at the Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.

Roy E. Brownell II is an attorney residing in Washington, D.C.

ContentsForeword xiSandra Day O'ConnorAcknowledgments xixList of Illustrations xxiAbout the Authors xxiiiChapter 1Introduction: Magna Carta and the Rule of Law 1Daniel B. Magraw, Andrea Martinez, and Roy E. Brownell III. Introduction 1II. Explanation of Terminology and Translations 7A. Use of Numbers and “Chapter” for Parts of Magna Carta 7B. Identification of Different Versions of Magna Carta 7C. Use of Different Translations 8D. Name and Spelling of Magna Carta 9III. The Chapters in This Book 9A. Chapter 2: “The Making of Magna Carta: The Historical Background” 9B. Chapter 3: “Magna Carta and Sovereign Immunity: Strained Bedfellows” 10C. Chapter 4: “Magna Carta and the United States Constitution: An Exercise in Building Fences” 10D. Chapter 5: “Magna Carta in Supreme Court Jurisprudence” 10E. Chapter 6: “Magna Carta and Executive Power” 11F. Chapter 7: “Magna Carta and Habeas Corpus” 11G. Chapter 8: “Magna Carta and Religious Freedom” 12H. Chapter 9: “Magna Carta and International Law” 12I. Chapter 10: “Magna Carta Unchained: The Great Charter in Modern Commonwealth Law” 12J. Chapter 11: “Magna Carta, Civil Law, and Canon Law” 13K. Chapter 12: “The Charter of the Forest: Evolving Human Rights in Nature” 13mcg26974_00_fm_i-xxiv.indd 5 7/16/14 4:06 PMvi ContentsIV. Themes Running Through This Book 13A. Everyone Is Subject to the Law and Can Be Made So by Virtue of a Written Instrument 13B. Dynamism and Adaptability 14C. Mythic Magna Carta 15D. Resilience in the Face of Vacillating Treatment 16E. Rule of Law and Enduring Relevance and Persuasiveness of Magna Carta 16Chapter 2The Making of Magna Carta: The Historical Background 17Ralph V. TurnerI. Tyrannical Angevin Monarchy 17II. King John 20III. Framing a Baronial Reform Program 27IV. The Road to Runnymede 31V. Magna Carta 1215 34VI. Subsequent Issues of Magna Carta 42VII. Magna Carta in Early Modern England and North America 44Further Reading 47Chapter 3Magna Carta and Sovereign Immunity: Strained Bedfellows 49Diane P. Wood and Danieli EvansI. English Law before Magna Carta 51II. English Law in the Wake of Magna Carta 54III. Remedies against the Sovereign in the Colonies and the Early Republic 65A. Colonial Law 65B. State Constitutions 68C. Early Constitutional Law 70IV. The Emergence of Contemporary Sovereign Immunity 75V. Conclusion 78Chapter 4Magna Carta and the United States Constitution: An Exercise in Building Fences 81Michael DillonI. English Foundations 82II. Common Opinions and Initial Comparison 86III. More Detailed Comparison 91IV. Creating the Myth of Magna Carta 98V. America's Use of Magna Carta 105VI. Epilogue: The 21st Century 109mcg26974_00_fm_i-xxiv.indd 6 7/16/14 4:06 PMContents viiChapter 5Magna Carta in Supreme Court Jurisprudence 111Stephen J. WermielI. Overview 111II. Using Magna Carta for Philosophical and Historical Reflection 116A. General Philosophical and Historical Discussion 117B. Limiting Government Power 118III. Turning to the Cases 121A. Due Process 121B. Trial by Jury 125C. Speedy Trial 129D. Habeas Corpus 131E. Right to Travel 132F. Right to Bear Arms 133G. Cruel and Unusual Punishment 134H. Excessive Fines 134I. The Right to Petition the Government 136J. Land Ownership and Navigable Waters Control 137IV. Other References to Magna Carta 138A. Antitrust 138B. Church and State 138V. Distinguishing Magna Carta: Freedom of Speech 139VI. Conclusion 140Chapter 6Magna Carta and Executive Power 141Louis FisherI. Blackstone's Prerogative 142II. Breaking with the British Model 143III. Creating a Republic in America 145IV. Enumerated and Implied Powers 147V. Inherent Powers 150VI. Inherent Powers Rejected 152VII. Limits on Executive Power 159VIII. Procedural Safeguards 160IX. Deportation and Exclusion Proceedings 161X. Executive Concessions 165XI. Habeas Corpus 168XII. Conclusions 171mcg26974_00_fm_i-xxiv.indd 7 7/16/14 4:06 PMChapter 7Magna Carta and Habeas Corpus 173Justin WertI. Habeas Corpus and Magna Carta: Linkages 174II. Habeas Corpus and Magna Carta in the New World 177III. Habeas Corpus in Antebellum America 179IV. Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Gilded Age 188V. 20th Century and Beyond 189VI. Conclusion 190Chapter 8Magna Carta and Religious Freedom 193Tore LindholmI. Introduction: The Notion of Religious Freedom 193II. Whether the Original Magna Carta of June 1215 Protected Religious Freedom 197III. Magna Carta and Religious Freedom in England from 1215 to 1948 206A. The Case of Jews 207B. The Case of Catholics 208C. The Case of Puritans and Other Non-Anglican Protestants 209D. Sir Edward Coke (1552–1634) and Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) 210E. William Penn (1644–1718) 211F. Religious Freedom in 18th- and 19th-Century England 214IV. Freedom of the Church: Tweaking Magna Carta in America 216A. Hosanna-Tabor v. E.E.O.C. 220B. Sebelius v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. 223V. The Character of Salvific Knowledge and Its Public Ramifications in a Pluralist Democracy 225Chapter 9Magna Carta and International Law 227Larry MayI. Fundamental Rights and Jus Cogens Norms 228II. The Domestic and International Rule of Law 231III. A System of Law through Trials 234IV. Ancient Liberties and Centralized Courts 237V. Due Process in International Law 241VI. Final Thoughts 245viii Contentsmcg26974_00_fm_i-xxiv.indd 8 7/16/14 4:06 PMChapter 10Magna Carta Unchained: The Great Charter in Modern Commonwealth Law 247David ClarkI. Introduction 247II. Status in Britain 253III. As a Statute in Commonwealth Countries 255IV. Legal Myths 257V. Trial by Jury 258VI. Not a Supreme Law 260VII. Idea of a Constitutional Presence 262VIII. Adapted to Modern Circumstances 264IX. Origin of a Modern Argument 266X. Exceptions Made to Magna Carta 267XI. Survivals: Chapter 29 268XII. Property 272XIII. Transformation in Modern Bills of Rights 273XIV. Personal Liberty 275XV. Due Process and Procedural Fairness 276XVI. Conclusion 279Chapter 11Magna Carta, Civil Law, and Canon Law 281Thomas J. McSweeneyI. Introduction 281II. Magna Carta, the Ius Commune, and the Historians 283III. Borrowing Style 285IV. Canon Law and the Politics of Church Reform 291V. Influence from Legal Practice 301VI. Conclusion: Canon Law, Common Law, and 1215 304Chapter 12The Charter of the Forest: Evolving Human Rights in Nature 311Nicholas A. Robinson I. Introduction: The Forest Charter in a Nutshell 317II. 13th-Century Society: The Crucible for Forging the Forest Charter 324III. The Creation of the Forest Charter 334IV. Substantive Provisions of the Forest Charter 339V. Evolution: A Forest Charter for Each Generation 345A. The Forest Charter from 1400 to 1850 346B. Evolution and Ecology: The Science and Ethics of Nature Conservation 357C. The Forest Charter Reemerges: The Selden Society and Legal Historians 359D. Forest Charter “Liberties” in the 20th Century 361Contents ixmcg26974_00_fm_i-xxiv.indd 9 7/16/14 4:06 PMVI. A Case Study of the New Forest: Contemporary “Liberties of the Forest” 367VII. Conclusion: The Once and Future “Liberties of the Forest” 372APPENDIX ACoronation Charter of Henry I 379APPENDIX BArticles of the Barons 383APPENDIX C1215 Magna Carta 389APPENDIX DKing's Writ 399APPENDIX EPope Innocent III: Papal Bull Declaring That Magna Carta Is Null & Void 401APPENDIX F1216 Magna Carta 405APPENDIX G1217 Magna Carta 413APPENDIX H1217 Carta de Foresta (Charter of the Forest) 421APPENDIX I1225 Magna Carta 425APPENDIX JConfirmatio Cartarum 1297 (Confirmation of the Charters) 433APPENDIX KUnited States Constitution 435APPENDIX LUnited States Bill of Rights 447APPENDIX MChronology of Magna Carta and Related Events 451Glossary 455Index 459

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Magna Carta and the Rule of Law

Magna Carta and the Rule of Law

1627226974

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