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| List of Key Graphs | p. vi |
| Preface | p. vii |
| Contributors | p. xiii |
| An Introduction to Economics and the Economy | |
| To the Student | p. 2 |
| The Nature and Method of Economics | p. 3 |
| The Economic Perspective | p. 3 |
| Consider This: Free for All? | p. 4 |
| Why Study Economics? | p. 5 |
| Economic Methodology | p. 6 |
| Ma... MORE | p. 9 |
| Pitfalls to Sound Reasoning | p. 10 |
| A Look Ahead | p. 12 |
| Last Word: Fast-Food Lines: An Economic Perspective | p. 12 |
| Graphs and Their Meaning | p. 15 |
| The Economizing Problem | p. 22 |
| The Foundation of Economics | p. 22 |
| Economics: Employment and Efficiency | p. 24 |
| Unemployment, Growth, and the Future | p. 28 |
| Consider This: A Matter of Degrees: Is College Worth the Cost? | p. 32 |
| Economic Systems | p. 33 |
| The Circular Flow Model | p. 34 |
| Last Word: September 11, 2001, and the War on Terrorism | p. 35 |
| Individual Markets: Demand and Supply | p. 39 |
| Markets | p. 39 |
| Demand | p. 40 |
| Supply | p. 45 |
| Supply and Demand: Market Equilibrium | p. 48 |
| Consider This: The Cutting Edge | p. 50 |
| Application: Government-Set Prices | p. 52 |
| Last Word: Ticket Scalping: A Bum Rap? | p. 55 |
| Applications and Extensions of Supply and Demand Analysis | p. 59 |
| Changes in Supply and Demand | p. 1 |
| Preset Prices | p. 4 |
| Consider This: Taking Back a "Gift" | p. 5 |
| Nonpriced Goods: The American Bison | p. 6 |
| Consumer and Producer Surplus | p. 7 |
| Last Word: Efficiency Gains from Generic Drugs | p. 11 |
| The Market System | p. 60 |
| Characteristics of the Market System | p. 60 |
| The Market System at Work | p. 64 |
| Consider This: McHits and McMisses | p. 66 |
| Competition and the "Invisible Hand" | p. 69 |
| Last Word: Shuffling the Deck | p. 70 |
| The U.S. Economy: Private and Public Sectors | p. 73 |
| Households as Income Receivers | p. 73 |
| Households as Spenders | p. 74 |
| The Business Population | p. 75 |
| Legal Forms of Businesses | p. 76 |
| The Public Sector: Government's Role | p. 79 |
| Consider This: Street Entertainers | p. 82 |
| The Circular Flow Revisited | p. 83 |
| Government Finance | p. 84 |
| Federal Finance | p. 85 |
| State and Local Finance | p. 87 |
| Last Word: The Financing of Corporations | p. 88 |
| The United States in the Global Economy | p. 91 |
| International Linkages | p. 91 |
| The United States and World Trade | p. 92 |
| Specialization and Comparative Advantage | p. 96 |
| The Foreign Exchange Market | p. 99 |
| Consider This: A Ticket to Ride | p. 100 |
| Government and Trade | p. 101 |
| Multilateral Trade Agreements and Free-Trade Zones | p. 103 |
| Global Competition | p. 106 |
| Last Word: Petition of the Candlemakers, 1845 | p. 106 |
| Macroeconomic Measurement and Basic Concepts | |
| Measuring Domestic Output and National Income | p. 112 |
| Assessing the Economy's Performance | p. 112 |
| Gross Domestic Product | p. 112 |
| The Expenditures Approach | p. 115 |
| Consider This: Stock Answers about Flows | p. 117 |
| The Income Approach | p. 118 |
| Other National Accounts | p. 120 |
| Nominal GDP versus Real GDP | p. 123 |
| Shortcomings of GDP | p. 125 |
| Last Word: Feeding the GDP Accounts | p. 127 |
| Introduction to Economic Growth and Instability | p. 131 |
| Economic Growth | p. 131 |
| The Business Cycle | p. 133 |
| Unemployment | p. 135 |
| Inflation | p. 141 |
| Consider This: Clipping Coins | p. 143 |
| Redistribution Effects of Inflation | p. 144 |
| Effects of Inflation on Output | p. 147 |
| Last Word: The Stock Market and the Economy | p. 149 |
| Basic Macroeconomic Relationships | p. 152 |
| The Income-Consumption and Income-Saving Relationships | p. 152 |
| Consider This: What Wealth Effect? | p. 159 |
| The Interest-Rate-Investment Relationship | p. 159 |
| The Multiplier Effect | p. 164 |
| Last Word: Squaring the Economic Circle | p. 167 |
| Macroeconomic Models and Fiscal Policy | |
| The Aggregate Expenditures Model | p. 172 |
| Simplifications | p. 172 |
| Consumption and Investment Schedules | p. 172 |
| Equilibrium GDP: C + I[subscript g] = GDP | p. 173 |
| Other Features of Equilibrium GDP | p. 176 |
| Changes in Equilibrium GDP and the Multiplier | p. 177 |
| Adding International Trade | p. 179 |
| Adding the Public Sector | p. 182 |
| Equilibrium versus Full-Employment GDP | p. 185 |
| Limitations of the Model | p. 187 |
| Last Word: Say's Law, the Great Depression, and Keynes | p. 188 |
| Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply | p. 193 |
| Aggregate Demand | p. 193 |
| Aggregate Supply | p. 197 |
| Equilibrium and Changes in Equilibrium | p. 201 |
| Consider This: Ratchet Effect | p. 205 |
| Last Word: Why Is Unemployment in Europe So High? | p. 207 |
| The Relationship of the Aggregate Demand Curve to the Aggregate Expenditures Model | p. 211 |
| Fiscal Policy | p. 214 |
| Legislative Mandates | p. 214 |
| Fiscal Policy and the AD-AS Model | p. 215 |
| Built-In Stability | p. 218 |
| Evaluating Fiscal Policy | p. 220 |
| Problems, Criticisms, and Complications | p. 223 |
| Last Word: The Leading Indicators | p. 227 |
| Current Thinking on Fiscal Policy | p. 228 |
| Money, Banking, and Monetary Policy | |
| Money and Banking | p. 232 |
| The Functions of Money | p. 232 |
| The Supply of Money | p. 233 |
| Consider This: Are Credit Cards Money? | p. 236 |
| What "Backs" the Money Supply? | p. 236 |
| The Demand for Money | p. 238 |
| The Money Market | p. 240 |
| The Federal Reserve and the Banking System | p. 242 |
| Recent Developments in Money and Banking | p. 245 |
| Last Word: The Global Greenback | p. 248 |
| How Banks and Thrifts Create Money | p. 252 |
| The Balance Sheet of a Commercial Bank | p. 252 |
| Prologue: The Goldsmiths | p. 252 |
| A Single Commercial Bank | p. 253 |
| The Banking System: Multiple-Deposit Expansion | p. 260 |
| Last Word: The Bank Panics of 1930 to 1933 | p. 265 |
| Monetary Policy | p. 268 |
| Consolidated Balance Sheet of the Federal Reserve Banks | p. 268 |
| Tools of Monetary Policy | p. 270 |
| Monetary Policy, Real GDP, and the Price Level | p. 276 |
| Monetary Policy in Action | p. 279 |
| Consider This: Pushing on a String | p. 282 |
| The "Big Picture" | p. 286 |
| Last Word: For the Fed, Life Is a Metaphor | p. 287 |
| Long-Run Perspectives and Macroeconomic Debates | |
| Extending the Analysis of Aggregate Supply | p. 292 |
| From Short Run to Long Run | p. 292 |
| Applying the Extended AD-AS Model | p. 295 |
| The Inflation-Unemployment Relationship | p. 297 |
| The Long-Run Phillips Curve | p. 300 |
| Taxation and Aggregate Supply | p. 302 |
| Consider This: Sherwood Forest | p. 304 |
| Last Word: Has the Impact of Oil Prices Diminished? | p. 305 |
| Economic Growth | p. 308 |
| Ingredients of Growth | p. 308 |
| Production Possibilities Analysis | p. 309 |
| U.S. Economic Growth Rates | p. 312 |
| Accounting for Growth | p. 312 |
| Consider This: Economic Growth Rates Matter! | p. 313 |
| The Productivity Acceleration: A New Economy? | p. 316 |
| Is Growth Desirable and Sustainable? | p. 320 |
| Last Word: Women and Economic Growth | p. 322 |
| Deficits, Surpluses, and the Public Debt | p. 325 |
| Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt: Definitions | p. 325 |
| Budget Philosophies | p. 325 |
| The Public Debt: Facts and Figures | p. 326 |
| False Concerns | p. 329 |
| Substantive Issues | p. 330 |
| Deficits and Surpluses: 1992-2012 | p. 332 |
| Last Word: The Long-Run Fiscal Imbalance: Social Security | p. 334 |
| Disputes over Macro Theory and Policy | p. 338 |
| Some History: Classical Economics and Keynes | p. 338 |
| What Causes Macro Instability? | p. 340 |
| Does the Economy "Self-Correct"? | p. 344 |
| Rules or Discretion? | p. 347 |
| Consider This: On the Road Again | p. 348 |
| Summary of Alternative Views | p. 350 |
| Last Word: The Taylor Rule: Could a Robot Replace Alan Greenspan? | p. 351 |
| International Economics and the World Economy | |
| International Trade | p. 356 |
| Some Key Facts | p. 356 |
| The Economic Basis for Trade | p. 357 |
| Comparative Advantage: Graphical Analysis | p. 358 |
| Supply and Demand Analysis of Exports and Imports | p. 363 |
| Trade Barriers | p. 366 |
| The Case for Protection: A Critical Review | p. 369 |
| Consider This: Shooting Yourself in the Foot | p. 370 |
| Last Word: The WTO Protests | p. 372 |
| The World Trade Organization | p. 373 |
| Exchange Rates, the Balance of Payments, and Trade Deficits | p. 377 |
| Financing International Trade | p. 377 |
| The Balance of Payments | p. 378 |
| Flexible Exchange Rates | p. 381 |
| Consider This: The Big Mac Index | p. 383 |
| Fixed Exchange Rates | p. 386 |
| International Exchange-Rate Systems | p. 388 |
| Recent U.S. Trade Deficits | p. 392 |
| Last Word: Speculation in Currency Markets | p. 394 |
| The Economics of Developing Countries | p. 397 |
| The Rich and the Poor | p. 1 |
| Obstacles to Economic Development | p. 3 |
| The Vicious Circle | p. 10 |
| Role of Government | p. 11 |
| Role of Advanced Nations | p. 12 |
| Where from Here? | p. 15 |
| Last Word: Famine in Africa | p. 16 |
| Transition Economies: Russia and China | p. 398 |
| Ideology and Institutions | p. 1 |
| State Ownership and Central Planning | p. 2 |
| Problems with Central Planning | p. 3 |
| Collapse of the Soviet Economy | p. 5 |
| The Russian Transition to a Market System | p. 6 |
| Market Reforms in China | p. 10 |
| Outcomes and Prospects | p. 11 |
| Conclusion | p. 13 |
| Last Word: Police Smash Down Smirnov's Doors | p. 14 |
| Glossary | p. 1 |
| Index | p. 1 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |