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Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric : The Use of Reason in Everyday Life

ISBN: 9780534535841 | 0534535844
Edition: 9th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Pub. Date: 8/1/2001

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Table of Contents
Prefacexii
Good And Bad Reasoning
1(30)
Reasoning and Arguments
2(2)
... MOREExposition and Argument
4(2)
Cogent Reasoning
6(3)
Two Basic Kinds of Valid Arguments
9(3)
Some Wrong Ideas about Cogent Reasoning
12(3)
Back ground Beliefs
15(1)
Kinds of Background Beliefs
15(1)
Worldviews or Philosophies
16(2)
Insufficiently Grounded Beliefs
18(4)
Two Vital Kinds of Background Beliefs
22(1)
Science to the Rescue
23(8)
Summary of Chapter 1
27(4)
More on Deduction and Induction
31(18)
Deductive Validity
31(3)
Deductive Invalidity
34(1)
Syllogisms
35(2)
Indirect Proofs
37(1)
Tautologies, Contradictions, and Contingent Statements
37(1)
Inductive Validity (Correctness) and Invalidity (Incorrectness)
38(5)
A Misconception about Deduction and Induction
43(1)
Reasoning Cogently versus Being Right in Fact
43(6)
Summary of Chapter 2
44(5)
Fallacious Reasoning---1
49(24)
Appeal to Authority
50(4)
Inconsistency
54(5)
Straw Man
59(1)
False Dilemma and the Either-Or Fallacy
60(1)
Begging the Question
61(1)
Questionable Premise---Questionable Statement
62(1)
Suppressed (Overlooked) Evidence
63(2)
Tokenism
65(8)
Summary of Chapter 3
66(7)
Fallacious Reasoning---2
73(18)
Ad Hominem Argument
73(2)
Two Wrongs Make a Right
75(3)
Irrelevant Reason (Non Sequitur)
78(1)
Equivocation
79(3)
Appeal to Ignorance
82(1)
Composition and Division
83(1)
Slippery Slope
84(7)
Summary of Chapter 4
84(7)
Fallacious Reasoning---3
91(30)
Hasty Conclusion
91(1)
Small Sample
92(1)
Unrepresentative Sample
92(1)
Questionable Cause
93(3)
Questionable Analogy
96(2)
Questionable Statistics
98(2)
Questionable Uses of Good Statistics
100(3)
Polls: An Important Special Case
103(4)
False Charge of Fallacy
107(14)
Summary of Chapter 5
109(12)
Psychological Impediments to Cogent Reasoning: Shooting Ourselves in the Foot
121(28)
Loyalty, Provincialism, and the Herd Instinct
122(2)
Prejudice, Stereotypes, Scapegoats, and Partisan Mind Sets
124(2)
Superstitious Beliefs
126(1)
Wishful Thinking and Self-Deception
127(2)
Rationalization and Procrastination
129(3)
Other Defense Mechanisms
132(1)
The Benefits of Self-Deception, Wishful Thinking, and Denial
133(2)
The Pull of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
135(5)
Lack of a Good Sense of Proportion
140(9)
Summary of Chapter 6
142(7)
Language
149(28)
Cognitive and Emotive Meanings
149(1)
Emotive Meanings and Persuasive Uses of Language
150(6)
Other Common Rhetorical Devices
156(5)
Those Who Control the Definitions . .
161(4)
The Reform of Sexist Language
165(3)
PC (Politically Correct) Terminology
168(9)
Summary of Chapter 7
170(7)
Evaluating Extended Arguments
177(28)
The Basic Tasks of Essay Evaluation
178(7)
Quick Appraisals
185(3)
The Margin Note and Summary Method
188(5)
Dealing with Value Claims
193(4)
Evaluating Ironic Works
197(8)
Summary of Chapter 8
202(3)
Writing Cogent (And Persuasive) Essays
205(28)
The Writing Process
205(1)
Preparing to Write
206(1)
Writing the Essay
207(4)
Supporting Reasons Effectively
211(22)
Summary of Chapter 9
230(3)
Advertising: Selling the Product
233(36)
Promise and Identification Advertisements
234(3)
Things to Watch Out for in Advertisements
237(9)
New Marketing Wrinkles
246(4)
Political Advertising
250(19)
Summary of Chapter 10
264(5)
Managing the News
269(46)
The Media and the Power of Money
270(12)
News-Gathering Methods Are Designed to Save Money
282(2)
Misdirection and Lack of Proportion
284(1)
News Reporting: Theory and Practice
285(7)
Devices Used to Slant the News
292(6)
Television, Film, and Electronic Information Sources
298(2)
The Non-Mass Media to the Rescue
300(2)
Recent Developments
302(13)
Summary of Chapter 11
307(8)
Textbooks: Managing Worldviews
315(40)
High School History Textbooks
316(6)
A Typical High School History Textbook
322(6)
Social Studies (Civics) Textbooks Minimize the Great Gulf between Theory and Practice
328(2)
Textbooks and Indoctrination
330(2)
Textbooks and Politics
332(4)
Censorship
336(8)
Textbooks Fail to Give Students Genuine Understanding
344(2)
Postscript on College Texts
346(9)
Summary of Chapter 12
347(8)
Appendix More on Cogent Reasoning355(9)
1 More on Cause and Effect
355(1)
2 Scientific Method
356(3)
3 Calculating Probabilities and Fair Odds
359(5)
Answers to Starred Excercise Items364(8)
Bibliography372(6)
Glossary378(4)
Indexes382

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