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| Preface | |
| 1. Understanding Literature | |
| Imaginative Literature | |
| Conventional Themes | |
| The Literary Canon | |
| Luisa Valenzuela, All about Suicide | |
| Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation | |
| Thinking Critically | |
| Interpreting... MORE | |
| Evaluating Literature | |
| The Function of Literary Criticism | |
| Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism | |
| 2. Reading and Writing About Literature | |
| Reading Literature | |
| Previewing | |
| Highlighting | |
| Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols | |
| Maya Angelou, My Arkansas | |
| Annotating | |
| Writing About Literature | |
| Planning an Essay | |
| Considering your Audience | |
| Understanding Your Purpose | |
| Writing To Respond | |
| Writing To Interpret | |
| Writing To Evaluate | |
| Choosing a Topic | |
| Finding Something to Say | |
| Brainstorming | |
| Keeping a Journal | |
| Seeing Connections | |
| Listing | |
| Deciding on a Thesis | |
| Preparing an Outline | |
| Drafting an Essay | |
| Revising and Editing an Essay | |
| Strategies for Revision | |
| The Revision Process | |
| Thesis Statement | |
| Support | |
| Topic Sentences | |
| Introductions and Conclusions | |
| Sentences and Words | |
| Using and Documenting Sources | |
| Checklist: Using Sources | |
| Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature | |
| Exercise: Two Student Papers | |
| Student Paper: "Initiation into Adulthood" | |
| Student Paper: "Hard Choices" | |
| FICTION | |
| 3. Understanding Fiction | |
| Defining Fiction | |
| The Short Story | |
| *Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings | |
| Gary Gildner, Sleepytime Gal | |
| A Final Note | |
| 4. Reading and Writing About Fiction | |
| Reading Fiction | |
| Active Reading | |
| Alberto Alvaro Ríos, The Secret Lion | |
| Previewing | |
| Highlighting and Annotating | |
| Writing About Fiction | |
| Planning an Essay | |
| Choosing a Topic | |
| Finding Something to Say | |
| Brainstorming | |
| Seeing Connections | |
| Listing | |
| Deciding on a Thesis | |
| Preparing an Outline | |
| Drafting an Essay | |
| Student Paper: Symbols in "The Secret Lion" First Draft | |
| First Draft Commentary | |
| Revising and Editing an Essay | |
| Student Paper: Symbols in "The Secret Lion" Second Draft | |
| Second Draft Commentary | |
| Student Paper: Symbols in "The Secret Lion" Final Draft | |
| Final Draft Commentary | |
| 5. Plot | |
| Conflict | |
| Stages of Plot | |
| Order and Sequence | |
| A Final Note | |
| Checklist: Writing about Plot | |
| Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour | |
| *Stephen Dobyns, Kansas | |
| William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily | |
| Lorrie Moore, How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes) | |
| Writing Suggestions: Plot | |
| 6. Character | |
| Round and Flat Characters | |
| Dynamic and Static Characters | |
| Motivation | |
| Checklist: Writing About Character | |
| John Updike, A and P | |
| Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill | |
| Charles Baxter, Gryphon | |
| *Mary Ladd Gavell, The Swing | |
| Writing Suggestions: Character | |
| 7. Setting | |
| Historical Setting | |
| Geographical Setting | |
| Physical Setting | |
| Checklist: Writing About Setting | |
| Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona | |
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper | |
| *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal | |
| Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing | |
| Writing Suggestions: Setting | |
| 8. Point of View | |
| First Person Narrator | |
| Unreliable Narrators | |
| Third Person Narrator | |
| Omniscient | |
| Limited Omniscient | |
| Objective | |
| Selecting an Appropriate Point of View | |
| Limited Omniscient Point of View | |
| First-Person Point of View (Child) | |
| First-Person Point of View (Adult) | |
| Omniscient Point of View | |
| Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review | |
| Checklist: Writing about Point of View | |
| Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado | |
| Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man | |
| *Gish Jen, Chin | |
| William Faulkner, Barn Burning | |
| Writing Suggestions: Point of View | |
| 9. Style, Tone, and Language | |
| Style and Tone | |
| The Uses of Language | |
| Formal and Informal Diction | |
| Imagery | |
| Figures of Speech | |
| A Final Note | |
| Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language | |
| James Joyce, Araby | |
| *Andrea Barrett, The Littoral Zone | |
| Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place | |
| Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried | |
| Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language | |
| 10. Symbol and Allegory | |
| Literary Symbols | |
| Recognizing Symbols | |
| The Purpose of Symbols | |
| Allegory | |
| Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory | |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown | |
| Shirley Jackson, The Lottery | |
| Alice Walker, Everyday Use | |
| *Raymond Carver, Cathedral | |
| Writing Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory | |
| Theme | |
| Interpreting Themes | |
| Identifying Themes | |
| Checklist: Writing About Theme | |
| David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season | |
| D | |
| H | |
| Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner | |
| Eudora Welty, A Worn Path | |
| *Rick Bass, The Fireman | |
| Writing Suggestions: Theme | |
| 11. Joyce Carol Oates' Where are You Going, Where have You Been?: A Casebook for Reading Research, and Writing | |
| Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen | |
| Gretchen Schulz and R | |
| J | |
| R | |
| Rockwood, From In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie's Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates' "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" Mike Tierce and John Michael Grafton, From Connie's Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend" | |
| Bob Dylan, It's All Over Now, Baby Blue | |
| Joyce M | |
| Wegs, "Don't You Know Who I Am?" The Grotesque in Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" Laura Kalpakian, Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been (book review) | |
| Stephen Slimp, Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tuscon | |
| The Pied Piper of Hamelin | |
| Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood | |
| Topics for Further Research | |
| Student Paper | |
| 12. Fiction for Further Reading | |
| Chinua Achebe, Dead Man's Path | |
| *Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson | |
| T | |
| oraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake | |
| Junot Diaz, Aguantado | |
| Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Disappearance | |
| Louise Erdrich, Fleur | |
| Gabriel García Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children | |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark | |
| James Joyce, Eveline | |
| Jamaica Kincaid, Girl | |
| Alice Munro, Boys and Girls | |
| Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find | |
| Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall | |
| Richard Russo, Dog | |
| Amy Tan, Two Kinds | |
| Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland | |
| POETRY | |
| 13. Understanding Poetry | |
| Nikki Giovanni, Poetry | |
| Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica | |
| Marianne Moore, Poetry | |
| Defining Poetry | |
| William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold | |
| Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street | |
| E | |
| E | |
| Cummings, l-a | |
| Approaching Poetry | |
| Recognizing Kinds of Poetry | |
| Narrative Poetry | |
| Lyric Poetry | |
| 14. Discovering Themes in Poetry | |
| Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters | |
| Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year | |
| Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory | |
| Poems About Parents | |
| Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz | |
| Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night | |
| Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days | |
| Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays | |
| Seamus Heaney, Digging | |
| *Yehuda Amichai, My Father | |
| *Jill Bialosky, The Boy Beheld his Mother's Past | |
| Poems about Love | |
| Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love | |
| Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd | |
| Thomas Campion, There Is a Garden in Her Face | |
| William Shakespeare, My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun | |
| Robert Browning, Meeting at Night | |
| Robert Browning, Parting At Morning | |
| Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St | |
| Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed | |
| Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation | |
| Sylvia Plath, Wreath for a Bridal | |
| Ted Hughes, A Pink Wool Knitted Dress | |
| Poems About War | |
| Rupert Brooke, The Soldier | |
| Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth | |
| William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death | |
| Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead | |
| Denise Levertov, What Were They Like | |
| *Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime | |
| Boris Slutsky, How Did They Kill My Grandmother | |
| Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It | |
| *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning | |
| 15. Reading and Writing About Poetry | |
| Reading Poetry | |
| Active Reading | |
| Previewing | |
| Highlighting and Annotating | |
| Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays | |
| Seamus Heaney, Digging | |
| Writing About Poetry | |
| Planning an Essay | |
| Choosing a Topic | |
| Seeing Connections | |
| Listing | |
| Deciding on a Thesis | |
| Preparing an Outline | |
| Drafting an Essay | |
| Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft) | |
| First Draft Commentary | |
| Revising and Editing an Essay | |
| Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft) | |
| Second Draft Commentary | |
| Student Paper, Digging For Memories (Final Draft) | |
| Final Draft Commentary | |
| 16. Voice | |
| Emily Dickinson, I'm Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem | |
| Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness | |
| Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum | |
| Langston Hughes, Negro | |
| Robert Browning, My Last Duchess | |
| Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note | |
| *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille | |
| *Dorianne Laux, The Shipfitter's Wife | |
| The Tone of the Poem | |
| Robert Frost, Fire and Ice | |
| Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed | |
| Amy Lowell, Patterns | |
| *Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World | |
| William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us | |
| Sylvia Plath, Morning Song | |
| Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time | |
| *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson | |
| Irony | |
| Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover | |
| Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias | |
| Ariel Dorfman, Hope | |
| W | |
| Auden, The Unknown Citizen | |
| Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham | |
| *Sherman Alexie, How to Write the Great American Indian Novel | |
| *Rachel Rose, What We Heard about the Japanese | |
| *Rachel Rose, What the Japanese Perhaps Heard | |
| Checklist: Writing about Voice | |
| Writing Suggestions: Voice | |
| 17. Word Choice, Word Order | |
| Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words | |
| Word Choice | |
| Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer | |
| William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone | |
| James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio | |
| Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin | |
| E | |
| E | |
| Cummings, In Just- | |
| *Robert Pinsky, ABC | |
| Levels of Diction | |
| Margaret Atwood, The City Planners | |
| Jim Sagel, Baca Grande | |
| *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education | |
| Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers | |
| Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight | |
| Word Order | |
| Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand | |
| E | |
| E | |
| Cummings, Anyone Lived In A Pretty How Town | |
| A | |
| E | |
| Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young | |
| Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood--A Loaded Gun | |
| Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order | |
| Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order | |
| 18. Imagery | |
| Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter | |
| William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow | |
| Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro | |
| Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to be Said for the Iron Age | |
| Suzanne E | |
| Berger, The Meal | |
| William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure | |
| *Michael Chitwood, Division | |
| *Lam Thi My Da, Washing Rice | |
| *Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Alley of Flowers | |
| Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay | |
| Jean Toomer, Reapers | |
| Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est | |
| Checklist: Writing about Imagery | |
| Writing Suggestions: Imagery | |
| 19. Figures of Speech | |
| William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification | |
| Langston Hughes, Harlem | |
| Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity | |
| Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old Women | |
| Robert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose | |
| John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player | |
| Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner | |
| Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant | |
| John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning | |
| *E | |
| White, Natural History | |
| *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar | |
| Hyperbole and Understatement | |
| Sylvia Plath, Daddy | |
| David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling | |
| Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband | |
| Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress | |
| Robert Frost, Out, Out-- | |
| Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner | |
| Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me | |
| *Sherod Santos, Spring Elegy | |
| Metonymy and Synecdoche | |
| Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars | |
| *Thomas Lux, Henry Clay's Mouth | |
| Apostrophe | |
| Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa | |
| *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California | |
| Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech | |
| Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech | |
| 20. Sound | |
| Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice | |
| Rhythm | |
| Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud | |
| Meter | |
| Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles | |
| Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers | |
| Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After | |
| Alliteration and Assonance | |
| Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle | |
| N | |
| Scott Momaday, Comparatives | |
| Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder | |
| Rhyme | |
| Ogden Nash, The Llama | |
| Richard Wilbur, A Sketch | |
| Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty | |
| W | |
| H | |
| Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening | |
| *Lydia Davis, A Mown Lawn | |
| *Alan Shapiro, A Parting Gift | |
| *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning | |
| Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky | |
| Checklist: Writing About Sound | |
| Writing Suggestions: Sound | |
| 21. Form | |
| John Keats, On the Sonnet | |
| *Billy Collins, Sonnet | |
| Closed Form | |
| Blank Verse | |
| Stanza | |
| The Sonnet | |
| William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes | |
| Claude McKay, The White City |