Rent 9780735551053 | Legal Research and Writing for Paralegals

Summary Table of Contents

The text retains the features that earned it such widespread use: - clear, well-organized text for the introductory legal research and writing course, designed specifically for paralegal students - comprehensive overview of research and writing skills, reinforced by illustrations and exercises - integration of writing strategies into each research chapter to demonstrate the link between the two processes - timely and thorough coverage of electronic research, including a chapter on internet research as well as fee-based services such as Lexis an... MOREd Westlaw. Throughout the text, the author supplies further tips on how to use electronic resources most effectively - useful charts and diagrams help students understand complex topics - thorough explanation of proper citation form and updating/validating legal authorities, including Shepardizing and KeyCiting - samples of legal writing, such as letters, a court brief, and a legal memorandum This timely revision contains valuable new material: - completely revised text reflects the changing nature of legal publishing - to help students learn how to navigate through cyberspace, a section at the end of each chapter, State Your Answer, now offers additional questions relating to the materials discussed. These questions require students to access relevant internet sites and local information and can be made state-specific - a new feature, The Final Wrap Up, provides practical and pragmatic information on citing and using various research resources and advises students on when to use a certain set and whether it may be cited in various legal documents - Practice Tips now appear in each chapter, offeringrealistic and helpful suggestions for workplace success - expanded and updated Legal Citation chapter with more coverage of the ALWD Citation Manual. The examples of citation form given at the end of each chapter display citations in both Bluebook and ALWD form. Coverage is updated to the new (18th) edition of The Bluebook

the Fourth Edition of Legal Research and Writing for Paralegals continues to build a strong foundation for future practice while introducing students to the latest techniques and processes. The text retains the features that earned it such widespread use: clear, well-organized text For The introductory legal research and writing course, designed specifically for paralegal students comprehensive overview of research and writing skills, reinforced by illustrations and exercises integrates writing strategies into each research chapter to demonstrate the link between the two processes timely and thorough coverage of electronic research, including a chapter on internet research as well as fee-based services such as LEXIS and Westlaw. Throughout the text, The author supplies further tips on how to use electronic resources most effectively. useful charts and diagrams help students understand complex topics thorough explanation of proper citation form and updating/validating legal authorities, including Shepardizing and KeyCiting samples of legal writing, such as letters, a court brief, and a legal memorandum This timely revision contains much new material: completely revised text reflects the changing nature of legal publishing to help students learn how to navigate through cyberspace, a section at the end of each chapter, State Your Answer, now offers additional questions relating To The materials discussed. These questions require students to access relevant internet sites and local information, and can be made state-specific. a new feature, The Final Wrap Up, provides practical and pragmatic information on citing and using various research resources and advises students on when to use a certain set and whether it may be cited in various legal documents Practice Tips now appear in each chapter, offering realistic and helpful suggestions for workplace success expanded and updated Legal Citation chapter with more coverage of the ALWD citation manual. The examples of citation form given at the end of each chapter display citations in both Bluebook and ALWD form. Coverage is updated to the new (18th) edition of the Bluebook. Please visit the new companion website to learn more about this book. Website: http://www.aspenlawschool.com/bouchoux_legalresearch4

Preface

xxxiii

Acknowledgments

xxxvii

Section I Legal Research: Primary Authorities

(192)

Finding the Law

... MORE

(26)

The Paralegal's Role in Legal Research and Writing

(2)

Legal Research and Writing as Core Competencies

(1)

Ethical Duty to Research Accurately

(1)

Law Libraries

(4)

Types of Law Libraries

(2)

Arrangement of Law Libraries

(1)

Law Library Staff

(1)

Law Library Courtesy

(1)

Other Library Services

(1)

Sources of Law in the United States

(4)

Cases and Our Common Law Tradition

(2)

Constitutions and Statutes

(1)

Administrative Regulations

(1)

The Executive Branch

(1)

Legal Systems of Other Countries

(1)

Legal System of the United States

(3)

Law Book Publishing

(3)

Non-Print Research Media

(1)

Change in Our Legal System

(3)

Identifying the Holding in a Case

(1)

Case Citation Form

(5)

CyberSites

(1)

Writing Strategies

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 1

(1)

State Your Answer

(2)

The Federal and State Court Systems

(32)

Federalism

(2)

Establishment of Federal Court Structure

(1)

Jurisdiction

(4)

Federal Question Jurisdiction

(1)

Diversity Jurisdiction

(2)

Concurrent Jurisdiction

(1)

Exclusive Jurisdiction

(1)

Ground Rules for Cases

(1)

The Federal Court Structure

(15)

District Courts

(1)

United States Courts of Appeal

(3)

United States Supreme Court

(9)

Specialized Courts

(2)

State Court Organization

(3)

Citation Form

(6)

Federal Cases

(1)

State Cases

(3)

CyberSites

(1)

Writing Strategies

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 2

(1)

State Your Answer

(1)

Statutory Law

(44)

Federal Legislation

(34)

Enactment of Federal Statutes

(5)

Classification of Federal Statutes

(1)

Publication of Federal Statutes

(1)

United States Statutes at Large

(3)

United States Code

(1)

Annotated Versions of the United States Code

(16)

Use of U.S.C., U.S.C.A., and U.S.C.S.

(2)

Research Techniques

(5)

Final Research Steps

(1)

United States Constitution

(1)

State Legislation

(5)

Enactment of State Statutes

(1)

Publication and Codification of State Statutes

(2)

Research Techniques

(1)

Descriptive Word Approach

(1)

Title/Topic Approach

(1)

Popular Name Approach

(1)

Uniform and Model Laws

(1)

Statutory Research Overview

100

(1)

Citation Form

100

(5)

Federal Statutes

100

(1)

State Statutes

100

(1)

CyberSites

101

(1)

Writing Strategies

102

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 3

103

(1)

State Your Answer

104

(1)

Case Law and Judicial Opinions

105

(50)

Selective Publication

106

(4)

Standards for Publishing Cases

106

(1)

The Controversy Surrounding Unpublished Opinions

107

(3)

Elements of a Case

110

(10)

Case Name

110

(5)

Docket Number and Deciding Court

115

(1)

Date of Decision

115

(1)

Case Synopsis or Summary

115

(1)

Headnotes

115

(2)

Names of Counsel

117

(1)

Opinion

117

(3)

Decision

120

(1)

Publication of Cases

120

(3)

Official and Unofficial Publication

120

(2)

Series of Cases

122

(1)

Advance Sheets

122

(1)

Publication of State Cases

123

(5)

West's National Reporter System

123

(3)

Citation Form

126

(1)

Discontinuation of Some Official Reports

127

(1)

Publication of Federal Cases

128

(5)

United States Supreme Court Cases

128

(1)

Publication

128

(2)

Rapid Access to United States Supreme Court Cases

130

(1)

United States Courts of Appeal Cases

131

(1)

United States District Court Cases

132

(1)

Cases Interpreting Federal Rules

133

(1)

Star Paging

133

(1)

Specialized National Reporter System Sets

134

(3)

West's Military Justice Reporter

134

(2)

West's Veterans Appeals Reporter

136

(1)

West's Bankruptcy Reporter

136

(1)

West's Federal Claims Reporter

136

(1)

Federal Cases

136

(1)

Features of West's National Reporter System

137

(1)

Tables of Cases Reported

137

(1)

Tables of Statutes and Rules

137

(1)

Table of Words and Phrases

137

(1)

List of Judges

138

(1)

Key Number System

138

(1)

Finding Parallel Cites

138

(2)

Cross-References

138

(1)

National Reporter Blue Book and State Blue and White Books

139

(1)

Shepard's Citations and KeyCite

139

(1)

State Digests

140

(1)

Summary of West's National Reporter System

140

(2)

Briefing Cases

142

(6)

Citation Form

148

(7)

Federal Cases

148

(2)

State Cases

150

(1)

CyberSites

151

(1)

Writing Strategies

152

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 4

153

(1)

State Your Answer

153

(2)

The Use of Digests, Annotated Law Reports, and Words and Phrases

155

(38)

Using Digests to Locate Cases

156

(19)

Introduction

156

(1)

The American Digest System

157

(1)

Organization of the American Digest System

157

(3)

West's Digest Topics

160

(3)

Locating a Topic and Key Number

163

(1)

Descriptive Word Approach

163

(1)

Topic Approach

164

(2)

Table of Cases Approach

166

(1)

``Case on Point'' Approach

166

(3)

Using Digests

169

(1)

Other West Digests

169

(2)

United States Supreme Court Digest

171

(1)

Federal Practice Digests

171

(1)

Regional Digests

171

(1)

State Digests

172

(1)

Specialized Digests

172

(1)

Common Features of West's Digests

173

(1)

Uniform Classification

173

(1)

Descriptive Word Indexes

173

(1)

Table of Cases

173

(1)

Table of Words and Phrases

173

(1)

Supplementation

174

(1)

Cross-Referencing

174

(1)

Other Digests

174

(1)

American Law Reports

175

(10)

Introduction

175

(1)

A.L.R. Organization

176

(1)

Features of A.L.R.

177

(1)

Finding A.L.R. Annotations

178

(1)

Index or Descriptive-Word Approach

178

(1)

Digest Approach

178

(4)

Miscellaneous Approaches

182

(1)

Updating A.L.R. Annotations

182

(3)

Words and Phrases

185

(2)

Citation Form

187

(6)

CyberSites

188

(1)

Writing Strategies

189

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 5

190

(1)

State Your Answer

191

(2)

Section II Legal Research: Secondary Authorities and Other Research Aids

193

(392)

Encyclopedias, Periodicals, Treatises, and Restatements

195

(48)

Encyclopedias

196

(16)

Introduction

196

(1)

General or National Encyclopedias

196

(1)

C.J.S.

197

(1)

Am. Jur. 2d

197

(4)

Features Common to C.J.S. and Am. Jur. 2d

201

(1)

Total Client-Service Library

202

(4)

Research Strategies for Using General Encyclopedias

206

(2)

Local or State Encyclopedias

208

(1)

Introduction

208

(1)

Features Common to State Encyclopedias

208

(2)

Research Strategies for Using State Encyclopedias

210

(1)

Special Subject Encyclopedias

210

(1)

Summary

211

(1)

Legal Periodicals

212

(14)

Introduction

212

(1)

Law School Publications

212

(2)

Bar Association and Paralegal Association Publications

214

(4)

Specialized Publications

218

(1)

Legal Newspapers and Newsletters

218

(1)

How to Locate Periodical Articles

219

(1)

Index to Legal Periodicals & Books

219

(4)

Current Law Index, Legal Resource Index, and LegalTrac

223

(1)

Other Indexes

224

(1)

Special Subject Indexes

225

(1)

Other Findings Techniques

225

(1)

Summary of Legal Periodicals

225

(1)

Texts and Treatises

226

(6)

Introduction

226

(3)

Common Features of Treatises

229

(1)

Use of Treatises

230

(1)

Research Strategies for Treatises

231

(1)

Restatements

232

(5)

Introduction

232

(2)

Arrangement of Restatements

234

(1)

Research Strategies

234

(2)

Effect of Restatements

236

(1)

Citation Form

237

(6)

CyberSites

238

(2)

Writing Strategies

240

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 6

241

(1)

State Your Answer

242

(1)

Miscellaneous Secondary Authorities

243

(40)

Attorneys General Opinions

244

(1)

Introduction

244

(1)

Research Strategies

244

(1)

Legal Dictionaries and Thesauri

245

(3)

Directories

248

(8)

Introduction

248

(1)

Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory

248

(1)

Overview of Martindale-Hubbell

248

(3)

Martindale-Hubbell Law Digest Volumes

251

(4)

Local Directories

255

(1)

Specialized Directories

255

(1)

Internet Directories

255

(1)

Form Books

256

(5)

Introduction

256

(1)

Well-Known Form Books

256

(4)

Locating Form Books

260

(1)

Research Strategies

260

(1)

Summary

261

(1)

Uniform Laws

261

(5)

Introduction

261

(2)

Research Strategies

263

(3)

Use of Uniform Laws

266

(1)

Looseleaf Services

266

(2)

Introduction

266

(1)

Arrangement of Looseleaf Services

267

(1)

Research Strategies

268

(1)

Jury Instructions

268

(4)

Introduction

268

(2)

Research Strategies

270

(2)

Summary

272

(1)

Citation Form

273

(10)

CyberSites

278

(2)

Writing Strategies

280

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 7

281

(1)

State Your Answer

282

(1)

Legal Citation Form

283

(78)

Introduction to Citation Form

284

(1)

Citation Manuals

285

(2)

Introduction

285

(1)

Overview of The Bluebook

285

(1)

Overview of ALWD

286

(1)

Other Citation Manuals

286

(1)

The Bluebook

287

(4)

Organization of The Bluebook

287

(1)

Typeface Conventions

288

(2)

Revisions to the 18th Edition of The Bluebook

290

(1)

Bluebook Citation Rules and Examples for Primary Authorities

291

(24)

Cases

291

(1)

Introduction

291

(1)

Case Names

291

(4)

Parallel Citations

295

(5)

Recent Cases

300

(2)

Abbreviations in Case Citations

302

(1)

Spacing

302

(2)

Federal Cases

304

(5)

Subsequent History

309

(1)

Prior History

309

(1)

Parenthetical Information

310

(1)

Different Case Name on Appeal

310

(1)

Order of Preference for Citations

310

(1)

Statutes

311

(1)

State Statutes

311

(1)

Federal Statutes

312

(1)

Miscellaneous Rules Regarding Citation of Statutes

312

(3)

Rules

315

(1)

Constitutions

315

(1)

State Constitutions

315

(1)

United States Constitutions

315

(1)

Bluebook Citation Rules and Examples for Secondary Authorities

315

(4)

Annotations

315

(1)

Encyclopedias

316

(1)

Periodical Materials

316

(1)

Books, Texts, and Treatises

317

(1)

Restatements

317

(1)

Uniform Laws

317

(1)

Dictionaries

318

(1)

Attorneys General Opinions

318

(1)

Looseleaf Services

318

(1)

The ALWD Citation Manual

319

(3)

Introduction

319

(1)

ALWD Citation Rules and Examples for Primary Authorities

319

(1)

Citation of Cases

319

(2)

Citation of Statutes

321

(1)

ALWD Citation Rules and Examples for Secondary Authorities

321

(1)

Annotations

322

(1)

Encyclopedias

322

(1)

Periodical Materials

322

(1)

Books, Texts, and Treatises

322

(1)

Restatements

322

(1)

Special Citation Issues

322

(23)

Introduction

322

(1)

Punctuation

323

(1)

Citation ``Sentences''

323

(1)

Citation ``Clauses''

323

(1)

String Citing

324

(1)

Introduction

324

(1)

Order of Citations in String Cites

325

(1)

Quotations

326

(1)

Introduction

326

(1)

Indicating Quotations in Text

327

(2)

Alterations of Quotes

329

(1)

Adding Emphasis

330

(1)

Omitting Citations

330

(1)

Use of Ellipses

331

(1)

Omissions from the Middle of a Quote

331

(1)

Omissions from the End of a Quote

331

(1)

Using Quoted Language as a Phrase

331

(1)

Paragraph Structure

332

(1)

Citation Signals

333

(2)

Short Form Citations

335

(1)

Cases

336

(1)

Statutes

336

(1)

Constitutions

336

(1)

Books and Periodical Materials

337

(1)

Use of Id., Supra, Infra, and Hereinafter

337

(1)

Id.

337

(2)

Supra

339

(2)

Infra

341

(1)

Use of ``Hereinafter''

341

(1)

Capitalization in Court Documents and Other Legal Memoranda

342

(1)

Electronic Sources, Databases, and the Internet

342

(2)

Statutes and Constitutions

344

(1)

Books, Journals, and Magazines

344

(1)

Tips for Effective Cite-Checking

345

(5)

Quick Reference for Citations

350

(11)

Cases

350

(1)

Statutes

350

(1)

Constitutions

351

(1)

Encyclopedias

351

(1)

Law Review Articles

351

(1)

Texts and Treatises

351

(1)

Restatements

351

(1)

Dictionaries

351

(1)

Attorneys General Opinions

352

(1)

Summary of Special Citation Issues

352

(1)

Internet Citation Form

352

(2)

CyberSites

354

(2)

Writing Strategies

356

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 8

357

(2)

State Your Answer

359

(2)

Updating and Validating Your Research

361

(58)

Introduction to Updating and Validating

362

(1)

Shepardizing Cases

363

(22)

Locating Shepard's Citations

363

(3)

Locating Shepard's References to Your Case

366

(1)

Analysis of References in Shepard's

367

(1)

Abbreviations

367

(1)

History References

368

(1)

Treatment References

368

(3)

No Indication of Treatment

371

(1)

Arrangement of Later Cases

371

(1)

Other Identifying Letters

372

(1)

References to Headnotes

372

(1)

References to Sources Other than Cases

373

(1)

Attorneys General Opinions

373

(1)

Law Review Articles

373

(1)

Annotations

373

(1)

Using Shepard's

374

(1)

Analyzing Negative Letters

374

(2)

Shepardizing Using a Regional Shepard's

376

(3)

Shepardizing Neutral or Public Domain Citations

379

(1)

When to Shepardize

379

(1)

Shepardizing Federal Cases

380

(1)

United States Supreme Court Cases

380

(1)

Lower Federal Court Cases

380

(1)

How Many Volumes to Use When Shepardizing

380

(4)

Troubleshooting

384

(1)

Using Shepard's to Find Parallel Citations

384

(1)

Shepardizing Statutes

385

(8)

Locating Shepard's for Statutes

385

(1)

Locating Shepard's References to Your Statute

386

(1)

Analysis of References in Shepard's

386

(1)

History References

386

(1)

Treatment References

386

(2)

No References to Your Statute

388

(1)

Other References

388

(1)

Advantages of Shepardizing Statutes

388

(1)

Analyzing Negative Letters

389

(1)

Shepardizing Federal Statutes

389

(1)

When to Shepardize

389

(1)

How Many Volumes to Use When Shepardizing a Statue

389

(3)

Troubleshooting

392

(1)

Shepardizing Constitutions

393

(1)

Shepardizing Provisions of State Constitutions

393

(1)

Shepardizing Provisions of the United States Constitution

393

(1)

Shepardizing Administrative Regulations

394

(1)

Shepardizing Restatement Provisions

394

(2)

Shepardizing Court Rules

396

(1)

Specialized Citators

396

(2)

Miscellaneous Citators

398

(1)

Shepard's Daily Update Service

398

(2)

Electronic Updating of Legal Authorities

400

(12)

Introduction to Electronic Updating

400

(1)

Shepardizing Online

401

(1)

How to Shepardize a Case Online

401

(1)

Features of Shepard's Online

402

(2)

Shepardizing Statutes and Regulations Online

404

(1)

Other Shepard's Products

405

(1)

KeyCite

406

(1)

How to KeyCite Cases

406

(2)

Features of KeyCite

408

(1)

KeyCiting Statutes and Regulations

409

(1)

Other West Products

410

(1)

Comparing Shepardizing Online with KeyCite

411

(1)

Other Services

412

(1)

Summary

412

(7)

CyberSites

414

(1)

Writing Strategies

415

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 9

416

(1)

State Your Answer

417

(2)

Special Research Issues

419

(62)

Legislative History

420

(20)

Introduction to Federal Legislative History Research

420

(1)

Documents Composing Federal Legislative History

421

(1)

Versions of a Bill

421

(1)

Transcripts of Committee Hearings

421

(1)

Committee Reports and Prints

422

(1)

Debates

422

(1)

The Process of Compiling a Legislative History

422

(1)

Examining the History of a Statute and Getting a Public Law Number

423

(1)

Using a Public Law Number

424

(2)

Using Electronic Sources and the Internet to Compile a Legislative History

426

(1)

LEXIS

426

(1)

Westlaw

427

(1)

Thomas

427

(1)

GPO Access

428

(2)

Obtaining Documents Needed for Legislative Histories

430

(1)

Bills and Their Amendments

430

(1)

Transcripts of Committee Hearings

430

(1)

Committee Reports and Prints

430

(1)

Debates

430

(1)

Alternate Methods of Obtaining Legislative History for Federal Statutes

431

(1)

Compiled Legislative Histories

431

(1)

Legislative History Worksheets

431

(1)

Commercial Services

431

(1)

Reference Assistance

432

(1)

Congressional Assistance

432

(1)

Law Reviews and Annotations

433

(1)

Web-based Tutorials

434

(1)

Introduction to State Legislative History

434

(1)

Documents Composing State Legislative History

435

(1)

The Process of Compiling a State Legislative History

435

(1)

Alternate Methods of Obtaining Legislative History for State Statutes

436

(1)

Tracking Pending Legislation

437

(1)

Summary of Legislative History Research

438

(2)

Executive Materials

440

(4)

Introduction

440

(1)

Proclamations

440

(2)

Executive Orders

442

(1)

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents

442

(2)

Administrative Law

444

(14)

Introduction to Federal Administrative Law

444

(1)

Publication of Federal Administrative Law

445

(4)

Research Techniques for Administrative Law

449

(1)

C.F.R.

449

(1)

The Federal Register

449

(2)

Updating C.F.R. Regulations

451

(1)

List of C.F.R. Sections Affected

451

(1)

C.F.R. Parts Affected

451

(2)

Electronic and Online Methods of Administrative Law Research

453

(1)

Decisions

453

(1)

Review of Agency Decisions

454

(1)

Locating Federal Cases Reviewing Agency Decisions

455

(1)

The United States Government Manual

456

(1)

State Administrative Law

457

(1)

International Law

458

(9)

Introduction

458

(1)

Sources of International Law

458

(1)

Overview of International Law Research Procedure

459

(1)

Basic Texts and Sources

459

(1)

Treaties

460

(1)

Sources for Treaties

461

(1)

Pre-Ratification

461

(1)

Post-Ratification

461

(1)

Determining the Current Status of Treaties

462

(1)

Interpreting Treaties

463

(2)

Citation Form

465

(1)

International Tribunals

465

(1)

International Organizations

466

(1)

Municipal Research

467

(3)

Introduction

467

(1)

Terminology

467

(1)

Municipal Research Materials

468

(1)

Municipal Research Procedure

468

(1)

Interpretations of Municipal Ordinances

469

(1)

Rules of Procedure and Court Rules

470

(3)

Introduction

470

(1)

Federal Rules of Procedure

470

(2)

Federal Rules of Court

472

(1)

State Rules of Procedure and Court Rules

472

(1)

Citation Form

473

(8)

CyberSites

475

(2)

Writing Strategies

477

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 10

478

(2)

State Your Answer

480

(1)

The Digital Library: LEXIS, Westlaw, and Non-Print Research Sources

481

(46)

Microforms

482

(3)

Microfilm

482

(1)

Microfiche

483

(1)

Ultrafiche

483

(1)

Summary of Microforms

484

(1)

Sound Recordings and Videocassettes

485

(1)

Floppy Disks and CD-ROM

485

(2)

Floppy Disks

485

(1)

CD-ROM

486

(1)

Computer-Assisted Legal Research

487

(29)

Introduction

487

(2)

Lexis

489

(1)

Introduction and Organization

489

(1)

Constructing a Search

490

(4)

Search Advisor

494

(1)

Display of Search Results

494

(2)

Searching for Statutes

496

(1)

Searching for Constitutions

497

(1)

Searching for Cases

497

(1)

Shepardizing

498

(1)

CheckCite and CiteRite II

498

(1)

Segment Searching

498

(1)

Law Reviews

499

(1)

Administrative and Legislative Materials

499

(1)

Other LEXIS Features

499

(1)

Affiliated Services

500

(1)

Delivering Documents

500

(1)

Westlaw

501

(1)

Introduction and Organization

501

(1)

Getting Started

501

(1)

Constructing a Search

502

(1)

WIN

503

(1)

Display of Search Results

504

(1)

Searching for Statutes

505

(1)

Searching for Cases

505

(1)

KeyCiting

506

(1)

WestCheck

506

(1)

Field Searching/Restrictions

507

(1)

Additional Databases

507

(1)

Administrative and Legislative Materials

508

(1)

Affiliated Services

509

(1)

Document Delivery

509

(1)

KeySearch

510

(1)

Final Pointers on Computer-Assisted Legal Research

511

(1)

When to Use LEXIS or Westlaw

511

(1)

LEXIS or Westlaw

512

(1)

New Developments in LEXIS and Westlaw

513

(1)

Limitations of Computer-Assisted Legal Research

514

(1)

Getting Help

515

(1)

Other Competitors in Commercial Electronic Research

516

(1)

Dead-Tree Publishing

517

(1)

Citation Form

518

(9)

CyberSites

520

(1)

Writing Strategies

521

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 11

522

(4)

State Your Answer

526

(1)

E-Research: Legal Research Using the Internet

527

(30)

Introduction

528

(2)

Glossary of Terms

530

(3)

Conducting Legal Research Online

533

(4)

Getting Started

533

(1)

Using a Good Start Page

533

(4)

Strategies and Tips for Internet Legal Research

537

(3)

Ethical Concerns Regarding Use of the Internet

540

(1)

Surf's Up: The Best Internet Legal Research Sites

541

(8)

Best Legal Start Sites

541

(1)

Best Sites for Locating Cases

542

(1)

Best Sites for Locating Statutes

542

(1)

Best Sites for Government Materials

543

(1)

Best Sites for Locating Forms

543

(1)

Paralegal Sites

544

(1)

Best Specialty Sites

544

(3)

Best Non-Legal Sites

547

(1)

Where to Start When All Else Fails

548

(1)

Listservs, Newsgroups, and Blawgs

548

(1)

Cautionary Notes on Internet Legal Research

549

(1)

Citation Form

550

(7)

Net Tips

551

(1)

Writing Strategies

552

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 12

553

(1)

State Your Answer

554

(3)

Overview of the Research Process

557

(28)

How to Begin

557

(11)

Introduction

557

(1)

Thinking Things Through

558

(2)

Tackling the Project

560

(2)

Familiarization

562

(1)

Consult Primary Sources

562

(2)

Consult Secondary Sources

564

(2)

Miscellaneous Research Guides

566

(1)

Strategies for Effective Research

566

(2)

Working with the Authorities

568

(6)

Note-Taking

568

(1)

Organizing Your Notes

569

(2)

Contents of Notes

571

(1)

Complete Notes

572

(1)

Staying Focused

573

(1)

When to Stop

574

(11)

Practical Considerations

574

(1)

Complex Projects

575

(2)

Quick Questions

577

(1)

Established Issues

577

(1)

Issues of First Impression

578

(1)

How Many Authorities Are Enough?

578

(2)

CyberSites

580

(2)

Writing Strategies

582

(1)

State Your Answer

583

(2)

Section III Legal Writing

585

(172)

Back to Basics

587

(26)

The Mechanics of Writing

587

(2)

Grammar, Spelling, and Punctuation

589

(24)

Grammar Do's and Don't's

589

(1)

Subject-Verb Agreement

589

(3)

Sentence Fragments

592

(1)

Run-on Sentences

592

(1)

Modifiers

592

(1)

Split Infinitives

593

(1)

Dangling Participles

594

(1)

Pronouns

594

(5)

Spelling

599

(2)

Punctuation

601

(1)

Introduction

601

(1)

Commas

601

(2)

Apostrophes

603

(2)

Colons

605

(1)

Semicolons

606

(1)

Quotation Marks

606

(1)

Parentheses

607

(1)

Dashes

607

(1)

Exclamation Marks

607

(1)

Hyphens

608

(1)

Slashes or Virgules

608

(1)

CyberSites

609

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 14

610

(1)

State Your Answer

611

(2)

Strategies for Effective Writing

613

(36)

Introduction

613

(1)

The Plain English Movement

614

(1)

Prewriting

615

(2)

Purpose

615

(1)

Audience

616

(1)

Precision

617

(5)

Word Choice

618

(3)

Vague Words

621

(1)

Word Connotation

622

(1)

Clarity

622

(2)

Elegant Variation

623

(1)

Negatives

623

(1)

Word Order

624

(1)

Readability

624

(7)

Prefer the Active Voice

624

(1)

Use Lists

625

(1)

Avoid Nominalizations

626

(1)

Avoid Legal Jargon

627

(1)

Keep Subjects and Verbs in Proximity

628

(1)

Use Forceful Words

629

(1)

Repeat Strong Words and Phrases

630

(1)

Vary the Length of Sentences

631

(1)

Brevity

631

(4)

Omit Needless Words

632

(1)

Avoid ``Throat-Clearing'' Introductions

633

(1)

Avoid Redundancy

633

(1)

Avoid Repetition

634

(1)

Order

635

(4)

Outlines

635

(1)

Internal Organization

636

(1)

Use Headings

636

(1)

Use Effective Paragraphs

636

(1)

Use Effective Transitions

637

(1)

Use Position and Voice for Emphasis

638

(1)

Drafting Techniques

639

(3)

Getting Started

639

(1)

Finishing on Time

640

(1)

Methods of Writing

640

(1)

Writing by Hand

641

(1)

Dictating

641

(1)

Using a Word Processor

641

(1)

Electronic Communications

642

(7)

Phones and Voice Mail

642

(1)

Communication by Facsimile

643

(1)

E-mail

643

(1)

CyberSites

644

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 15

645

(2)

State Your Answer

647

(2)

Legal Correspondence

649

(22)

Letterwriting

649

(20)

Introduction

649

(1)

Who Will Be Reading This Letter?

650

(1)

What Will This Letter Say?

650

(1)

The Elements of Letters

651

(1)

Letterhead

651

(1)

Date

651

(1)

Special Mailing Notations

651

(1)

Inside Address

652

(1)

Reference or Subject Notation

652

(1)

Salutation

653

(1)

Body

653

(1)

Closing and Signature

654

(1)

Reference Initials, Enclosures, and Copies

654

(1)

Format Considerations

655

(1)

Types of Letters

656

(1)

General Correspondence

656

(1)

Demand Letters

657

(7)

Opinion Letters

664

(5)

Conclusion

669

(2)

CyberSites

669

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 16

670

(1)

State Your Answer

670

(1)

Legal Memoranda

671

(16)

Introduction

672

(1)

Be Objective

672

(1)

Be Specific

673

(1)

Be Complete

673

(1)

Format of Memoranda

673

(9)

Heading

673

(2)

Issue(s) or Question(s) Presented

675

(1)

Brief Answer(s)

676

(1)

Statement of Facts

676

(1)

Applicable Statutes

677

(1)

Analysis or Discussion

678

(4)

Conclusion

682

(1)

A Blueprint for Preparing a Memorandum

682

(5)

CyberSites

685

(1)

Legal Memorandum Assignment for Chapter 17

686

(1)

State Your Answer

686

(1)

Legal Briefs

687

(22)

Introduction

687

(1)

Tips on Writing Briefs

688

(3)

Be Persuasive

688

(2)

Be Honest

690

(1)

Know the Rules

690

(1)

Trial Court Briefs

691

(5)

Introduction

691

(1)

Elements of a Trial Brief

691

(1)

Caption

691

(1)

Introductory Statement

692

(1)

Statement of Facts

692

(1)

Argument

692

(2)

Conclusion

694

(1)

Signature and Date

695

(1)

Certificate of Service

695

(1)

Exhibits

695

(1)

Appellate Briefs

696

(9)

Introduction

696

(1)

Steps in the Appeal Process

696

(1)

Standards of Appellate Review

697

(1)

Amicus Curiae Briefs

698

(1)

Elements of an Appellate Brief

698

(1)

Cover Sheet

698

(1)

Identification of Parties

699

(1)

Table of Contents

700

(1)

Table of Authorities

700

(1)

Jurisdictional Statement

701

(1)

Constitutional and Statutory Provisions

701

(1)

Questions Presented

701

(1)

Statement of the Case

702

(1)

Summary of the Argument

703

(1)

Argument

703

(1)

Conclusion

704

(1)

Signature

704

(1)

Certificate of Service

705

(1)

Appendix

705

(1)

Ten Pointers for Effective Brief Writing

705

(4)

CyberSites

706

(1)

Court Brief Exercise for Chapter 18

707

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 18

708

(1)

State Your Answer

708

(1)

Postwriting Steps

709

(48)

Reviewing and Revising: Stage One

710

(1)

Reviewing and Revising: Stage Two

711

(1)

Sentence Length

711

(1)

Needless Words and Phrases

711

(1)

Legalese

712

(1)

Passive Voice

712

(1)

Proofreading

712

(2)

Proofreading Projects by Others

714

(1)

Proofreaders' Marks

715

(1)

Polishing Your Writing

715

(5)

Paper

715

(2)

Typeface

717

(1)

Type Size

718

(1)

Length of Document

718

(1)

Headings

719

(1)

Quotations and Lists

720

(1)

The Final Review

720

(1)

Conclusion

721

(4)

CyberSites

722

(1)

Assignment for Chapter 19

723

(1)

State Your Answer

723

(2)

Appendices

Appendix A Sample Legal Memorandum

725

(6)

Appendix B Sample Brief for Court

731

(8)

Appendix C Sample Appellate Brief

739

(14)

Appendix D Sample Table of Authorities

753

(4)

Glossary

757

(14)

Resources

771

(4)

Index

775

RENT TEXTBOOKS

Legal Research and Writing for Paralegals

Why Rent from Knetbooks?

Top 5 reasons to order all your textbooks from Knetbooks:

Related Products