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Juvenile Justice System : Delinquency, Processing and the Law

ISBN: 9780136034087 | 013603408X
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall, Incorporated
Pub. Date: 12/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
A complete, in-depth overview of all phases of the contemporary juvenile justice system.This book examines the nature of delinquency, classifications of juvenile offenders, alternative explanations for juvenile misconduct, juvenile courts and juvenile rights, and corrections.
Forewordxiii
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Juvenile Justice in the United States
1(30)
INTRODUCTION
2(4)
... MORE
The Juvenile Justice System
3(1)
A Process or System?
4(1)
About This Book
4(2)
THE HISTORY OF JUVENILE COURTS
6(7)
WHO ARE JUVENILE OFFENDERS?
13(1)
The Age Jurisdiction of Juvenile Courts
13(1)
The Treatment and Punishment Functions of Juvenile Courts
13(1)
PARENS PATRIAE
14(1)
MODERN INTERPRETATIONS OF PARENS PATRIAE
15(3)
JUVENILE AND CRIMINAL COURTS: SOME PRELIMINARY DISTINCTIONS
18(4)
ALTERNATIVE PHILOSOPHIES FOR MANAGING JUVENILE OFFENDERS
22(7)
The Medical Model
22(1)
The Rehabilitation Model
23(1)
The Community Reintegration Model
23(1)
The Prevention Control Model
24(1)
The Just-Deserts Model
24(1)
The Reality Therapy Model
25(1)
The Justice Model
25(1)
Too Many Juvenile Rights?
26(3)
KEY TERMS
29(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
29(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
30(1)
Chapter 2 Measuring Delinquency: Types of Offenders and Trends
31(42)
INTRODUCTION
32(2)
DELINQUENCY: DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTIONS
34(5)
Juveniles
34(1)
Juvenile Delinquency
34(5)
STATUS OFFENDERS AND DELINQUENT OFFENDERS
39(3)
Runaways
39(1)
Truants and Curfew Violators
40(1)
Juvenile and Criminal Court Interest in Status Offenders
41(1)
THE DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF STATUS OFFENSES
42(7)
Changes and Modifications in the JJDPA
43(1)
Deinstitutionalization Defined
43(6)
THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS AND NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY
49(8)
Uniform Crime Reports
50(4)
National Crime Victimization Survey
54(1)
Strengths of These Measures
54(1)
Weaknesses of These Measures
55(2)
OTHER SOURCES
57(3)
Self-Report Information
58(2)
VIOLENCE AND NONVIOLENCE: CAREER ESCALATION?
60(4)
School Violence
60(1)
Gang Violence
61(1)
Kids Who Kill
61(1)
Juvenile Violence Trends
62(1)
Career Escalation
62(2)
FEMALE VERSUS MALE DELINQUENCY: CATALOGING THE DIFFERENCES
64(7)
Profiling Female Juvenile Delinquents
69(2)
KEY TERMS
71(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
71(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
72(1)
Chapter 3 An Overview of the Juvenile Justice System
73(38)
INTRODUCTION
74(2)
THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
76(16)
Legislatures
78(1)
Law Enforcement
78(2)
Prosecution and the Courts
80(6)
Corrections
86(6)
ARREST AND IDENTIFICATION
92(3)
Referrals
92(1)
Juveniles in Jail
92(1)
The Ambiguity of Adolescence and Adulthood
93(2)
Being Taken into Custody and Being Arrested
95(1)
CLASSIFICATION AND PRELIMINARY DISPOSITION
95(2)
ESTABLISHING JURISDICATION
97(1)
INTAKE
98(2)
ALTERNATIVE PROSECUTORIAL ACTIONS
100(2)
ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS
102(1)
DISPOSITIONS
103(3)
Nominal Dispositions
103(1)
Conditional Dispositions
104(1)
Custodial Dispositions
104(2)
JUVENILE CORRECTIONS
106(2)
KEY TERMS
108(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
109(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
110(1)
Chapter 4 Juveniles and the Police
111(36)
INTRODUCTION
112(2)
POLICE DISCRETION: USE AND ABUSE
114(12)
The Diffuseness of Police Officer Roles
114(2)
Juvenile Units in Police Departments
116(2)
Youth Gangs and Minority Status
118(4)
Female Gang Members
122(1)
Juvenile Response to Police Officer Contacts
123(3)
ARRESTS OF JUVENILES
126(4)
Juvenile-Adult Distinctions
126(2)
The Ambiguity of Juvenile Arrests
128(1)
Fingerprinting, Photographing, and Booking of Juvenile Suspects
129(1)
Expungement and Sealing Policies
129(1)
STATUS OFFENDERS AND JUVENILE DELINQUENTS
130(3)
DIVESTITURE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS: NET WIDENING
133(4)
Relabeling Status Offenses as Delinquent Offenses
134(1)
Protecting Status Offenders from Themselves
135(1)
Parens Patriae versus Due Process
135(1)
Gender Stereotyping and DSO
136(1)
The Race Card
136(1)
REDEFINING DELINQUENCY
137(2)
DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAMS AND POLICE INTERVENTIONS
139(5)
KEY TERMS
144(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
145(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
146(1)
Chapter 5 Intake and Preadjudicatory Processing
147(44)
INTRODUCTION
148(1)
WHAT IS INTAKE?
149(5)
The Discretionary Powers of Intake Officers
150(1)
Florida Assessment Centers
150(2)
The Increasing Formalization of Intake
152(2)
The Need for Greater Accountability
154(1)
INTAKE PROCEEDINGS: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
154(4)
Intake Compared with Plea Bargaining
154(2)
Parens Patriae Perpetuated
156(2)
MODELS FOR DEALING WITH JUVENILE OFFENDERS
158(12)
The Rehabilitation Model
159(1)
The Treatment or Medical Model
160(1)
The Noninterventionist Model
161(2)
The Due-Process Model
163(1)
The Just-Deserts Justice Model
164(2)
The Crime Control Model
166(4)
LEGAL FACTORS: CRIME SERIOUSNESS, TYPE OF CRIME COMMITTED, EVIDENCE, AND PRIOR RECORD
170(5)
Offense Seriousness
171(1)
Type of Crime Committed
171(3)
Inculpatory or Exculpatory Evidence
174(1)
Prior Record
174(1)
EXTRALEGAL FACTORS: AGE, GENDER, RACE ETHNICITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS
175(9)
Age
176(2)
Gender
178(2)
Race and Ethnicity
180(2)
Socioeconomic Status
182(2)
PRELIMINARY DECISION MAKING: DIVERSION AND OTHER OPTIONS
184(4)
Diverting Certain Juveniles from the System
184(1)
How Should We Deal with Chronic Violent Offenders?
184(1)
The Inadequecy of Treatment and Community Services
185(1)
Getting Tough with Persistent Offenders
186(1)
Is There Too Much Juvenile Incarceration?
187(1)
ASSESSMENT OF GUARDIANSHIP
188(1)
KEY TERMS
189(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
189(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
190(1)
Chapter 6 Classification and Preliminary Treatment: Waivers and Other Alternatives
191(48)
INTRODUCTION
192(3)
SERIOUSNESS OF THE OFFENSE, OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS, AND WAIVER DECISION MAKING
195(15)
Seriousness of the Offense
195(7)
Transfers, Waivers, or Certifications
202(8)
TYPES OF WAIVERS
210(6)
Prosecutorial Waivers
210(1)
Judicial or Discretionary Waivers
211(1)
Legislative Waivers or Automatic Transfers
212(1)
Demand Waivers
213(1)
Other Waiver Variations
213(3)
WAIVER AND REVERSE WAIVER HEARINGS
216(1)
Reverse Waiver Hearing
216(1)
Time Standards Governing Waiver Decisions
217(1)
IMPLICATIONS OF WAIVER HEARINGS FOR JUVENILES
217(6)
Positive Benefits Resulting from Juvenile Court Adjudications
218(3)
Unfavorable Implications of Juvenile Court Adjudications
221(2)
DEFENSE AND PROSECUTORIAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO WAIVERS
223(6)
Juvenile Trial Options: Interstate Variations
223(1)
Implications of Criminal Court Processing
224(3)
Incarceration
227(1)
The Potential for Capital Punishment
228(1)
WAIVER PATTERNS AND TRENDS
229(7)
Trend Toward Blended Sentencing Statutes
232(4)
KEY TERMS
236(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
237(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
237(2)
Chapter 7 Prosecutorial Decision Making in Juvenile Justice
239(40)
INTRODUCTION
240(1)
THE JUVENILE COURT: A HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK
241(2)
Reformatories
241(1)
Childsavers
242(1)
Community-Based Private Agencies
242(1)
Truancy Statutes
243(1)
ORIGINAL INTERPRETATIONS OF JUVENILES AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
243(9)
Juveniles as Chattel
244(1)
The Lack of Juvenile Court Uniformity
245(1)
The Shift from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft and a Gradual Reconceptualization of Juveniles
245(1)
Specialized Juvenile Courts
246(1)
The Closed and arbitrary Nature of Juvenile Court Proceedings
247(2)
The Increasing Bureaucratization and Criminalization of Juvenile Justice
249(2)
Public Defenders for Juveniles
251(1)
THE CHANGING PROSECUTORIAL ROLE IN JUVENILE MATTERS
252(12)
Modifying Prosecutorial Roles by Changing the Standard of Proof in Juvenile Proceedings
253(1)
Eleminating the Confidentiality of Juvenile Court Proceedings and Record Keeping
254(3)
Open Juvenile Proceedings and Changing Judicial Conduct
257(1)
The Prosecution Decision in the 1900s
257(2)
Time Standards in Juvenile Court for Prosecutors and Other Actors
259(3)
Why Should the Juvenile Justice Process Be Accelerated?
262(2)
THE SPEEDY TRIAL RIGHTS OF JUVENILES
264(2)
THE ADVOCACY ROLE OF DEFENSE ATTORNEYS
266(11)
Attorneys for Juveniles as a Matter of Right
267(1)
Defense Counsel and Ensuring Due Process Rights for Juveniles
267(5)
Are Attorneys Being Used More Frequently by Juvenile Defendants?
272(1)
Do Defense Counsel for Juveniles Make a Difference in Their Case Dispositions?
272(2)
Defense Counsel as Guardians Ad Litem
274(1)
Juvenile Offender Plea Bargaining and the Role of Defense Counsel
274(1)
Parental Intrusion in Juvenile Courts Is Often More Damaging Than Attorney Intrusion
275(2)
KEY TERMS
277(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
278(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
278(1)
Chapter 8 The Adjudicatory Process: Dispositional Alternatives
279(54)
INTRODUCTION
280(1)
THE NATURE OF THE OFFENSE
281(2)
FIRST OFFENDER OR PRIOR OFFENDER?
283(5)
AGGRAVATING AND MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES
288(5)
Aggravating Circumstances
288(3)
Mitigating Circumstances
291(2)
JUVENILE RISK ASSESSMENTS AND PREDICTIONS OF DANGEROUSNESS
293(26)
Selective Incapacitation
295(3)
Common Elements of Risk Assessment Instruments
298(4)
The Functions of Classification
302(1)
Risk Prediction from Missouri, Texas, and North Dakota
303(12)
Needs Assessments
315(4)
PREDISPOSITIONAL REPORTS
319(8)
The Predisposition Report and Its Preparation
319(7)
Victim-Impact Statements by Predisposition Reports
326(1)
THE JUDICIAL DECISION
327(2)
IMPLICATIONS OF THE JUDICIAL DECISION FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS
329(2)
KEY TERMS
331(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
331(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
332(1)
Chapter 9 The Legal Rights of Juveniles
333(48)
INTRODUCTION
334(1)
ORIGINAL JUVENILE JURISDICTION: PARENS PATRIAE
335(5)
LANDMARK CASES IN JUVENILE JUSTICE
340(9)
Kent v. United States (1996)
342(2)
In re Gault (1967)
344(2)
In re Winship (1970)
346(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
347(1)
Breed v. Jones (1975)
347(1)
Schall v. Martin (1984)
348(1)
IMPLICATIONS FOR JUVENILES
349(13)
The Juvenile's Right to Waive Rights
351(6)
The Continued Leniency of Juvenile Court Adjudications and Dispositions
357(1)
An Update on Jury Trials for Juvenile Delinquents
358(4)
THE DEATH PENALTY FOR JUVENILES
362(12)
Reasons for Applying the Death Penalty
365(1)
Reasons for Opposing the Death Penalty
365(8)
Public Sentiment aout the Death Penalty for Juveniles
373(1)
UNIFICATION OF CRIMINAL AND JUVENILE COURTS
374(5)
Implications of Court Unification for Juveniles
376(1)
Getting Tough and Court Unification
377(1)
Politicizing Juvenile Punishments
378(1)
KEY TERMS
379(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
379(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
380(1)
Chapter 10 Nominal Sanctions: Warnings, Diversion, and Standard Probation
381(22)
INTRODUCTION
382(1)
NOMINAL DISPOSITIONS DEFINED
383(1)
DIVERSION
384(5)
Functions and Dysfunctions of Diversion
386(3)
DIVERSION PROGRAMS FOR JUVENILES
389(5)
The Youth Services Diversion and Community Service Programs, Inc.
390(1)
The Juvenile Diversion Noncustody Intake Program
391(1)
The PINS Diversion Program
391(1)
The Youth at Risk Program
392(1)
The See Our Side (SOS) Program
392(1)
The Community Board Program
393(1)
IMPLICATIONS OF DIVERSION PROGRAMS FOR JUVENILES
394(1)
TEEN COURTS
395(2)
The Use of Teen Courts, Day Treatment, and Alternative Dispute Resolution
395(2)
DAY TREATMENT CENTERS
397(2)
The Bluegrass Country, Kentucky Program
397(2)
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
399(1)
THE FUTURE OF DIVERSION PROGRAMS
400(1)
KEY TERMS
401(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
401(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
402(1)
Chapter 11 Juvenile Probation and Community-Based Alternatives
403(74)
INTRODUCTION
404(2)
STANDARD PROBATION FOR JUVENILES
406(8)
California's Juvenile Probation Camps
411(1)
The Philadelphia Juvenile Probation Department's Intensive Aftercare Probation (IAP) Program
411(1)
On Ineffective Specialized Treatment Programs for Juvenile Probationers
411(1)
Critical Elements Associated with Juvenile Recidivism
412(2)
THE SUCCESS OF STANDARD JUVENILE PROBATION
414(1)
INTERMEDIATE PUNISHMENTS FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS
415(6)
Some General Goals of Intermediate Punishment Programs
416(1)
Classification Criteria for Placement in ISP Programs
417(4)
INTENSIVE SUPERVISED PROBATION FOR JUVENILES
421(8)
Characteristics of ISP Programs
421(8)
WEAKNESSES AND STRENGTHS OF ISP PROGRAMS
429(5)
COMMUNITY-BASED ALTERNATIVES
434(9)
The Allegheny Academy
436(1)
The Boston Offender Project
437(5)
Project New Pride
442(1)
ELECTRONIC MONITORING
443(5)
Some Criticisms of Electronic Monitoring
447(1)
HOME CONFINEMENT OR HOUSE ARREST
448(2)
SHOCK PROBATION
450(2)
BOOT CAMPS
452(4)
What Are Boot Camps?
452(1)
The Rational for Boot Camps
453(1)
Boot Camp Goals
453(1)
Profiling Boot Camp Participants
454(1)
Representative Boot Camps
455(1)
OTHER ISP PROGRAM CONDITIONS
456(3)
Restitution, Fines, and Victim Compensation
457(1)
Community Service
458(1)
JUVENILE PROBATION OFFICERS
459(14)
Probation Work and Professionalism
467(1)
Entry-Level Requirements for Probation Parole Officers
468(1)
Salaries
469(1)
PO Labor Turnover
469(1)
Probation Officer Functions and Responsibilities
470(1)
Assessment Centers
471(1)
Probation Officer Stress and Burnout
472(1)
RECRUITMENT AND CASELOADS: EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATED
473(1)
KEY TERMS
473(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
474(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
475(2)
Chapter 12 Juvenile Corrections: Custodial Sanctions and Parole
477(54)
INTRODUCTION
478(2)
THE HISTORY OF JUVENILE CORRECTIONS
480(2)
GOALS OF JUVENILE CORRECTIONS
482(3)
Deterrence
482(1)
Rehabilitation and Reintegration
482(2)
Prevention
484(1)
Punishment and Retribution
484(1)
Isolation and Control
485(1)
CURRENT JUVENILE CUSTODIAL ALTERNATIVES
485(1)
NONSECURE CONFINEMENT
486(9)
Foster Homes
486(3)
Group Homes and Halfway Houses
489(3)
Camps, Ranches, Experience Programs, and Wilderness Projects
492(3)
SECURE CONFINEMENT: VARIATIONS
495(10)
Persistent Problems
495(1)
Architectural Improvements and Officer Training Reforms
496(3)
Juvenile Detention Resource Centers
499(1)
Short-and Long-Term Facilities
500(1)
Some Criticisms of Incarcerating Juveniles
501(3)
Example of Residential Failure
504(1)
Example of Program Success
505(1)
JUVENILE PAROLE
505(6)
Purposes of Parole for Juveniles
506(2)
How Many Juveniles Are on Parole?
508(1)
Characteristics of Juvenile Parolees
508(1)
Juvenile Parole Policy
508(2)
Deciding Who Should be Paroled
510(1)
RECIDIVISM AND PAROLE REVOCATION
511(6)
EXAMPLES OF PROBATION AND PAROLE REVOCATION FOR JUVENILES
517(4)
Juvenile Probation Revocation Cases
517(4)
SELECTED ISSUES IN JUVENILE CORRECTIONS
521(7)
The Privatization of Juvenile Corrections
522(2)
The Classification of Juvenile Offenders
524(2)
Juveniles Held in Adult Jails or Lock-Ups
526(1)
Recidivism Among Juvenile Offenders
527(1)
KEY TERMS
528(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
529(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS
530(1)
Bibliography531(38)
Name Index569(12)
Text Index581(12)
Case Index593

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