Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach
Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach
- ISBN 13:
9780205499113
- ISBN 10:
0205499112
- Edition: 7th
- Format: Hardcover
- Copyright: 01/01/2007
- Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
- Newer Edition
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Summary
Taking a sociological approach, this text discusses delinquency as it relates to and emerges from the youth's family, neighborhood, school, peer group, social class, and overall cultural and social environment.The authors incorporate contributions from psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other specialists who have sought to understand, explain, control, and prevent juvenile delinquency.
Table of Contents
Read morePreface | p. xxii |
Conformity, Deviance, and Juvenile Delinquency | p. 1 |
Introduction: The Sociological Perspective and Focus on Juvenile Delinquency | p. 1 |
Juvenile Delinquency: The Act, the Actor, and the Audience | p. 3 |
Reading Objectives | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
What Is Juvenile Delinquency? | p. 4 |
Who Is a Juvenile? | p. 4 |
What Is Delinquency? | p. 6 |
The Legal Definition | p. 8 |
The Role Definition | p. 12 |
Controversial Issue: "Child or Adult?" | p. 13 |
The Societal Response Definition | p. 17 |
An Integrated Definition of Delinquency | p. 19 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: The Cultural and Legal Definitions of "Child" and "Juvenile Offender" in Other Nations | p. 20 |
Summary | p. 22 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 23 |
References | p. 24 |
A Sociological Overview: Society, Norms, Conformity, and Deviant Behavior | p. 25 |
Reading Objectives | p. 25 |
Introduction | p. 25 |
The Sociological Perspective | p. 26 |
The Social Nature of Humans | p. 27 |
The Social Imperative | p. 27 |
Social Interaction | p. 28 |
Social Interdependence | p. 29 |
Social Organization | p. 30 |
Norms | p. 31 |
Sources of Norms | p. 31 |
Social Consensus | p. 31 |
Social Conflict | p. 32 |
Folkways and Mores | p. 33 |
Folkways | p. 33 |
Mores | p. 33 |
Normative Behavior: Conformity | p. 35 |
Deviant Behavior: Nonconformity | p. 36 |
Negative Aspects of Deviance | p. 38 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Conformity, Deviance, and Delinquency among Native Americans | p. 39 |
Positive Aspects of Deviance | p. 42 |
Juvenile Delinquency | p. 44 |
Concept Application: "Deviance or Conformity?" | p. 46 |
Summary | p. 48 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 49 |
References | p. 49 |
The Dimensions of the Delinquency Problem | p. 51 |
Reading Objectives | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Juvenile Delinquency Data | p. 52 |
Validity and Reliability | p. 52 |
Official Sources of Delinquency Information | p. 54 |
FBI Uniform Crime Reports | p. 54 |
Juvenile Court Statistics | p. 63 |
Methodology | p. 64 |
Findings | p. 65 |
The Composite Delinquent Profile: Typical or Stereotypical? | p. 67 |
Limitations of Official Delinquency Data | p. 69 |
Unofficial Sources of Delinquency Information | p. 71 |
Self-Report Studies | p. 71 |
Concept Application: "Undetected and Unreported Delinquency: The Missing Statistics" | p. 72 |
Victimization Surveys | p. 76 |
Controversial Issue: Juvenile Violence: Guns and the U.S. Constitution | p. 77 |
The Magnitude and Trends of Juvenile Delinquency | p. 79 |
Addendum: A Balanced Perspective on Youth | p. 81 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Juvenile Delinquency in Russia | p. 82 |
Summary | p. 83 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 84 |
References | p. 85 |
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency | p. 89 |
Introduction: Theory and the Etiology of Juvenile Delinquency | p. 89 |
Biological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency | p. 92 |
Reading Objectives | p. 92 |
Introduction | p. 92 |
The Link between Biology and Behavior: Myths and Folklore | p. 92 |
The Classical School of Criminological Thought | p. 92 |
The Positive School of Criminology | p. 92 |
Twentieth-Century Constitutional Typologies | p. 96 |
The Continuing Search for the Biological Connection | p. 98 |
Concept Application: "An Ugly Girl" | p. 98 |
Gender | p. 99 |
Race and Ethnicity | p. 101 |
Age | p. 102 |
Genetic Crime Causation: The XYY Hypothesis | p. 104 |
Diet and Deviant Behavior | p. 106 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: The Study of Twins and Adopted Children in Scandinavia | p. 106 |
Brain Malfunctions | p. 109 |
Sociobiological Explanations | p. 111 |
Controversial Issue: Heredity Versus Environment in Deviant and Delinquent Behavior | p. 112 |
Summary | p. 113 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 115 |
References | p. 115 |
Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency | p. 119 |
Reading Objectives | p. 119 |
Introduction | p. 119 |
The Psychogenic Approach | p. 120 |
The Discovery of the Unconscious | p. 122 |
The Formation of Personality | p. 122 |
Freudian Theory as an Explanation of Crime and Delinquency | p. 123 |
Psychoanalysis | p. 124 |
Projective Tests | p. 124 |
The Rorschach Ink-Blot Test | p. 125 |
Projective Tests and Homicidal Children | p. 125 |
Delinquent Acts as Symptoms | p. 126 |
Conduct Disorders | p. 127 |
Other Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency | p. 128 |
Early Theories of Feeblemindedness | p. 128 |
Controversial Issues: The Debate over Television Violence, Childhood Personality Development, and Criminal Behavior | p. 129 |
Neurological Abnormalities | p. 131 |
The Flawed Personality | p. 134 |
Adolescent Identity Crisis | p. 136 |
Insufficient Moral Development | p. 138 |
Predictors of Youth Violence | p. 140 |
Criticisms and Limitations of the Psychogenic Approach | p. 141 |
Critique of Theoretical Assumptions and Concepts | p. 141 |
Critique of Research Methodology | p. 141 |
Critique of Psychogenic Applications to Crime and Delinquency | p. 142 |
Concept Application: The Psychological and Social Impacts on Victims of Crime and Delinquency | p. 143 |
Summary | p. 144 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 145 |
References | p. 146 |
Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Social Strain and Cultural Transmission Theories | p. 149 |
Reading Objectives | p. 149 |
Introduction | p. 149 |
Theory | p. 150 |
Social Strain Theories | p. 151 |
Durkheim's Concept of Anomie | p. 151 |
Merton's Theory of Anomie | p. 152 |
Cohen's "Delinquent Boys" | p. 155 |
Cloward and Ohlin's "Delinquency and Opportunity" | p. 155 |
Contributions of Social Strain Theories | p. 158 |
Criticisms and Limitations of Social Strain Theories | p. 159 |
Agnew's General Strain Theory | p. 160 |
Controversial Issue: Social Structure as a Proposed Cause of Urban Crime and Delinquency | p. 161 |
Cultural Transmission Theories | p. 162 |
Sellin's Theory of Culture Conflict | p. 163 |
Burgess' Concentric Zone Theory | p. 163 |
Shaw and McKay's "High Delinquency Areas" | p. 165 |
Miller's Focus on Lower Class Culture | p. 165 |
Contributions of Cultural Transmission Theories | p. 167 |
Criticisms and Limitations of Cultural Transmission Theories | p. 168 |
Concept Application: Searching for Causal Explanations of Contemporary School Shootings | p. 170 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 172 |
References | p. 172 |
Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Social Learning and Social Control Theories | p. 174 |
Reading Objectives | p. 174 |
Introduction | p. 174 |
Social Learning Theories | p. 176 |
Sutherland and Cressey's Theory of Differential Assocition | p. 176 |
Glaser's Concept of Differential Identification | p. 177 |
Akers's Theory of Differential Reinforcement | p. 179 |
Contributions of Social Learning Theories | p. 179 |
Criticisms and Limitations of Social Learning Theories | p. 180 |
Concept Application: Grand Theft-Auto | p. 181 |
Social Control Theories | p. 184 |
Reckless' Containment Theory | p. 185 |
Sykes and Matza's Techniques of Neutralization | p. 186 |
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory | p. 189 |
Contributions of Social Control Theories | p. 190 |
Controversial Issue: Religiosity and Juvenile Delinquency | p. 192 |
Criticisms and Limitations of Social Control Theories | p. 194 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Criminality among the Children of Immigrants in Western Europe | p. 195 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 196 |
References | p. 196 |
Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Labeling and Radical Theories | p. 199 |
Reading Objectives | p. 199 |
Introduction | p. 199 |
Labeling Theories | p. 200 |
Early Contributions to Labeling Theory | p. 201 |
Tannenbaum's Concept of "Tagging" | p. 201 |
Lemert's Primary and Secondary Deviance | p. 202 |
Becker's Developmental Career Model | p. 203 |
Contributions of Labeling Theory | p. 204 |
Criticisms and Limitations of Labeling Theory | p. 206 |
Radical Theories | p. 207 |
The Marxian Heritage | p. 209 |
Quinney's Social Reality of Crime and Delinquency | p. 209 |
Greenberg's Focus on Adolescent Frustration | p. 210 |
Schwendingers's Instrumental Theory | p. 211 |
Contributions of Radical Theories | p. 213 |
Criticisms and Limitations of Radical Theories | p. 214 |
Concept Application: Power Control Theory: Females in a Male World | p. 216 |
An Overview of the Sociological Explanations | p. 218 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 218 |
References | p. 219 |
The Future for Causal Explanations of Delinquency: The Ongoing Process of Theory Building | p. 221 |
Reading Objectives | p. 221 |
Introduction: A Review of Past Theory Building for Explaining Juvenile Delinquency | p. 221 |
A Renewed Examination of Delinquency Motivation: "Crime Is Fun!" | p. 222 |
Making Decisions for Delinquency: Rational Choice Theory | p. 225 |
Concept Application: The Jackass Scrapbooks | p. 225 |
The Punishment Response: Deterrence Theory | p. 227 |
Evaluation of Rational Choice and Deterrence Theories | p. 228 |
Back to the Future: The Prospects and Direction for New Theory Building | p. 229 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 232 |
References | p. 232 |
Juvenile Delinquency in a Social Context | p. 235 |
Introduction: Collective Behavior and Social Groupings | p. 235 |
The Family and Juvenile Delinquency | p. 237 |
Reading Objectives | p. 237 |
Introduction | p. 237 |
The Changing Role of the Family | p. 237 |
Increasing Importance of the Nuclear Family and the Creation of "Adolescence" | p. 239 |
The Family as an Agent of Socialization | p. 240 |
Working Mothers and Juvenile Delinquency | p. 241 |
Controversial Issue: Latchkey Children: Independence or Neglect? | p. 243 |
Other Family Variables and Juvenile Delinquency | p. 245 |
Social Class | p. 245 |
Family Size and Birth Order | p. 246 |
Family Interaction | p. 248 |
Parental Discipline | p. 249 |
Single-Parent Families and Delinquency | p. 252 |
The Family and Delinquency Prevention | p. 255 |
Concept Application: The Role of the Family in Preventing Delinquency | p. 256 |
Summary | p. 258 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 259 |
References | p. 260 |
Schools and Delinquency | p. 265 |
Reading Objectives | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
The School as an Arena | p. 265 |
Schools and the Socialization Process | p. 266 |
Juvenile Delinquency and the School Experience | p. 268 |
Schools as a Screening Device | p. 269 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Self-Concept and Delinquency among Chinese Schoolchildren | p. 271 |
Schools as "Combat Zones" | p. 275 |
Controversial Issue: "Dealing with the Problem of Truancy" | p. 276 |
Vandalism and Destruction | p. 278 |
Violence and Personal Attacks | p. 279 |
Concept Application: Bullying and School Violence | p. 282 |
School Safety and "Zero Tolerance" | p. 284 |
School as Bureaucracy | p. 286 |
Schools and Delinquency Prevention | p. 286 |
Summary | p. 289 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 290 |
References | p. 290 |
The Youth Subculture | p. 295 |
Reading Objectives | p. 295 |
Introduction | p. 295 |
Culture, Subcultures, and Countercultures | p. 296 |
The Creation of a Youth Subculture | p. 296 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Japanese Youth Subculture, Skinheads, and Counterculture | p. 298 |
Role of the Youth Subculture | p. 299 |
Distinctive Elements of the Youth Subculture | p. 301 |
Youth Values | p. 301 |
Concept Application: The American Youth Subculture: Youth Values in the 21st Century | p. 302 |
Dress, Grooming, and Fads | p. 304 |
Tatoos | p. 306 |
Mass Media | p. 307 |
Language | p. 308 |
Controversial Issue: Censoring Rock Music | p. 309 |
The Youth Subculture and Juvenile Delinquency | p. 311 |
Juvenile Runaways | p. 311 |
Juvenile Prostitution | p. 313 |
Juveniles and Drugs | p. 315 |
Juveniles and Sex | p. 317 |
Youth Countercultures and Delinquency | p. 319 |
Teenage Satanic Groups | p. 319 |
Youth Hate Groups | p. 320 |
The Youth Subculture and Delinquency Prevention | p. 322 |
Summary | p. 323 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 324 |
References | p. 325 |
Juvenile Gangs and Delinquent Behavior | p. 330 |
Reading Objectives | p. 330 |
Introduction | p. 330 |
Predatory Youths: A National Alarm | p. 330 |
The Solitary Delinquent | p. 331 |
Group Delinquency | p. 333 |
The Play Group | p. 333 |
The Juvenile Gan | p. 335 |
What Is a Gang? | p. 335 |
History of Youth Gangs | p. 337 |
Contemporary Youth Gangs in the United States | p. 338 |
Number of Gangs and Members | p. 338 |
Locale | p. 339 |
The Motives for Gang Membership | p. 341 |
Concept Application: The Profit Motive: Group Shoplifting and "The Swarm" | p. 342 |
Initiation Rituals | p. 343 |
Gang Organization | p. 345 |
The Near Group | p. 345 |
Gang Graffiti, Slanguage, and Symbols | p. 346 |
Composition of Gang Membership | p. 349 |
Social Class | p. 349 |
Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs | p. 350 |
Female Participation in Delinquent Gangs | p. 352 |
Gang Violence | p. 355 |
Concept Application: "The Weapon of Choice: The Dogs of War" | p. 356 |
Drug Franchises and Gang Warfare | p. 358 |
Gang Rape | p. 359 |
Dyads and Triads | p. 360 |
Explanatory Theories of Gang Formation and Behavior: A Summary and Synthesis | p. 360 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Urban Youth Gangs in Russia | p. 363 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 365 |
References | p. 366 |
Social Control: The Juvenile Justice System | p. 371 |
Introduction: Elements of Social Control | p. 371 |
Juveniles and the Police | p. 373 |
Reading Objectives | p. 373 |
Introduction | p. 373 |
Juvenile Encounters with Police | p. 373 |
Policing Juveniles | p. 375 |
Law Enforcement Role | p. 376 |
Crime Prevention Role | p. 377 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Policing Juveniles in Great Britain | p. 377 |
Police Discretion in Handling Juveniles | p. 380 |
Legal Factors | p. 382 |
Extralegal Factors | p. 384 |
Police and Due Process | p. 388 |
Police, Community Policing, and Delinquency Prevention | p. 391 |
Controversial Issue: Targeting Serious Habitual Offenders: Delinquency Prevention or Police Harassment? | p. 392 |
Summary | p. 394 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 395 |
References | p. 396 |
Juvenile Court | p. 399 |
Reading Objectives | p. 399 |
Introduction | p. 399 |
Historical Background of the Juvenile Court | p. 400 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Development of the Juvenile Court in Canada | p. 401 |
The Child Savers Movement | p. 402 |
The Juvenile Court | p. 403 |
The Juvenile Court and Due Process | p. 405 |
Juvenile Court Procedures | p. 408 |
Intake | p. 409 |
Adjudication | p. 411 |
Disposition | p. 412 |
The Role of Attorneys in Juvenile Court | p. 414 |
The District Attorney | p. 414 |
The Defense Attorney | p. 416 |
Controversial Issue: The Use of Attorneys in the Juvenile Court | p. 416 |
Criticisms of the Juvenile Court | p. 418 |
The Multifaceted JuveniLe Court | p. 420 |
The Future of the Juvenile Court | p. 422 |
Summary | p. 423 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 424 |
References | p. 424 |
Supreme Court Rulings Cited | p. 426 |
Juvenile Corrections | p. 427 |
Reading Objectives | p. 427 |
Introduction | p. 427 |
Social Control and Deterrence Theory | p. 428 |
Voluntary Social Control | p. 428 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: The Caning of an American Youth in Singapore: Justice or Abuse? | p. 429 |
Informal Social Control | p. 430 |
Formal Social Control | p. 433 |
Juvenile Probation | p. 433 |
Restitution and "Restorative Justice" | p. 435 |
Juvenile Placement | p. 436 |
Juvenile Aftercare | p. 438 |
Controversial Issue: Institutionalization versus Community Treatment | p. 439 |
Waiver: Remanding Juveniles to Adult Courts | p. 440 |
Juveniles in Adult Jails and Prisons | p. 443 |
Capital Punishment for Juveniles and Roper v. Simmons | p. 444 |
Controversial Issue: Should Juveniles Be Held in Adult Jails and Prisons? | p. 445 |
Deinstitutionalization, Community Corrections, and Diversion | p. 449 |
House Arrest | p. 451 |
Youth Service Bureaus | p. 451 |
Scared Straight! | p. 452 |
S.H.A.P.E.U.P. | p. 453 |
VisionQuest | p. 454 |
Juvenile Boot Camps | p. 454 |
Other Diversion Programs | p. 456 |
Evaluation of Deinstitutionalization, Community Corrections, and Diversion | p. 456 |
Summary | p. 457 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 458 |
References | p. 459 |
Strategies for Dealing with Juvenile Delinquency | p. 463 |
Introduction: Approaching Treatment and Prevention in a Social Context | p. 463 |
Treatment and Prevention Strategies | p. 465 |
Reading Objectives | p. 465 |
Introduction | p. 465 |
Treatment Ideology and Delinquency Treatment Programs | p. 466 |
Controversial Issue: Applying the Medical Model in the Treatment of Delinquency | p. 467 |
Behavior Modification | p. 468 |
Reality Therapy | p. 469 |
Group and Individual Counseling and Therapy | p. 470 |
Prevention Ideology and Delinquency Prevention Programs | p. 472 |
Early Identification | p. 472 |
Predelinquents and Early Intervention | p. 473 |
Sociological Approaches to Delinquency Treatment and Prevention | p. 474 |
Cross-Cultural Focus: Delinquency Prevention in Japan | p. 475 |
The Chicago Area Project | p. 476 |
The Mid-City Project | p. 477 |
Mobilization for Youth | p. 477 |
Minnesota Youth Advocate Program/Urban League | p. 478 |
Neighborhood Youth Corps and Job Training | p. 478 |
The Highfields Project | p. 479 |
The Provo Experiment | p. 480 |
The Millcreek Youth Correctional Facility | p. 481 |
The Paint Creek Youth Center | p. 481 |
Project New Pride | p. 481 |
Mentoring Programs | p. 482 |
Other Programs | p. 482 |
Mobilizing the Community to Prevent Delinquency | p. 484 |
Crimestoppers and Hotlines | p. 484 |
Neighborhood Watch and Youth Crime Watch | p. 485 |
Guardian Angels | p. 485 |
S.H.O.D.I. | p. 487 |
Gang Intervention and Prevention Programs | p. 487 |
Evaluation of Delinquency Treatment and Prevention Strategies | p. 488 |
Summary | p. 488 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 489 |
References | p. 490 |
Rethinking the Delinquency Problem | p. 493 |
Reading Objectives | p. 493 |
Introduction | p. 493 |
The Social Nature of Juvenile Delinquency | p. 494 |
Eliminating the Marginal Status of Juveniles | p. 496 |
Rites of Passage | p. 497 |
Meaningful Social Participation | p. 500 |
Concept Application: Meaningful Social Participation for Youths | p. 502 |
Standardization or Elimination of Juvenile Codes | p. 503 |
Decriminalization of Status Offenses | p. 505 |
Revision of the Juvenile Court | p. 506 |
Limited Jurisdiction | p. 506 |
Due Process | p. 507 |
Professional Judges and Court Personnel | p. 508 |
Dispositional Alternatives | p. 508 |
Other Revisions | p. 508 |
Controversial Issue: Should Juvenile Courts Be Abolished? | p. 510 |
Modification of Juvenile Corrections | p. 511 |
Strengthening the Family | p. 514 |
Changing the Educational System | p. 515 |
Redefining Juvenile Delinquency | p. 517 |
Summary | p. 519 |
Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | p. 521 |
References | p. 521 |
Glossary | p. 524 |
Name Index | p. 543 |
Subject Index | p. 551 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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