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Justice Blind? : Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice

ISBN: 9780130334442 | 0130334448
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 1/1/2002

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SummaryTable of Contents
"Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice" probes problems of injustice within our criminal laws, law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional facilities. Posing important questions, showing different viewpoints, and offering fair solutions, author Matthew B. Robinson gives students a new and thought-provoking critique of the criminal justice system. "Justice Bind? Ideas and Realities of American Criminal Justice" is ideally suited for courses such as Introduction to Criminal Justice, CJ Ethics, Issues in CJ, Alternative Approaches to CJ, Introduction to Political Science, Criminology, Social Problems, and other courses where a more factual, honest interpretation of the system is required.
List of Figures and Tables
xi
Prefacexiii
What Is the Purpose of the Criminal Justice System? Ideals and Realities
1(40)
... MORE
Introduction
1(1)
What is the criminal justice system?
2(10)
Ideal goals of the criminal justice system
12(2)
Doing justice
Reducing crime
What is justice?
14(12)
Conflicting views of justice
Due process versus crime control
Justice today
Alternative goals of the criminal justice system
26(2)
Serving interests and controlling the population
Functions versus purposes of criminal justice
28(2)
The role of politics and power in criminal justice
30(6)
What is politics?
How are politics and criminal justice related?
How did criminal
justice become so political?
Crime and politics today
Conclusion
36(1)
Issue in Depth: Justitia---The Lady Justice
37(3)
Discussion Questions
40(1)
The Law: Providing Equal Protection or Creating Bias?
41(26)
Introduction
41(1)
What is the law?
42(2)
Where does the law come from?
44(1)
Types of law
45(7)
Natural law
Positive law
Common law
Criminal law and civil law
What is the purpose of the criminal law?
52(3)
Who makes the law?
55(5)
Demographics of lawmakers
Voting behavior
Special interests/lobbying
Conclusion
60(1)
Issue in Depth: American Business---Downsizing for Profit
60(6)
Discussion Questions
66(1)
Crime: Which Is Worse, Crime on the Streets or Crime in the Suites?
67(29)
Introduction
67(1)
What is a crime?
67(4)
Legalistic definition of crime
Types of crime in the United States
71(10)
Serious/street crime
Other conceptions of crime:
White-collar deviance
Sources of crime information: Do we really know how much crime is out there?
81(10)
Uniform Crime Reports
National Crime Victimization Survey
Self-report studies
Sources of data on white-collar deviance
Conclusion
91(1)
Issue in Depth: Tobacco---The Greatest Crime in World History?
92(2)
Discussion Question
94(2)
``Crime Is Out of Control!'' media Portrayals of Crime
96(27)
Introduction
96(1)
An introduction to the media
96(6)
What the media do and do not do
Does it matter? Are people exposed to the media?
102(1)
Media coverage of crime and criminal justice
103(10)
Focus of media reporting on crime: What the media cover and ignore
Crime trends
Lack of critical coverage: Where's the context?
Media and fear of crime
Explanations of media inaccuracy
113(5)
Lack of criminal justice education
Peer culture
Organizational factors:
Entertainment for profit
Boundary reinforcement
The role of politics in the ``framing'' of crime
Conclusion
118(1)
Issue in Depth: School Shootings in the Media
119(2)
Discussion Questions
121(2)
The War on Crime: Innocent Bias Against the Poor, People of Color and Women
123(37)
Introduction
123(1)
Is the war on crime a war on the poor?
124(7)
What about race and ethnicity?
131(18)
Key terms
Is the criminal justice system biased against people of color?
Race, ethnicity, and social class
Race, ethnicity, government policy, and criminal justice
Race, ethnicity, and criminality
Gender and criminal justice
149(2)
Conclusion
151(1)
Issue in Depth: Political Crimes
152(7)
Discussion Questions
159(1)
Focusing on the Wrong Thing? The ``War on Drugs''
160(37)
Introduction
160(1)
The war on drugs
160(5)
What is a drug?
165(2)
Types of drugs
167(3)
Extent of drug use in the United States
170(1)
Harms associated with drugs
171(5)
Legal status of each drug: Why are the most harmful drugs legal while some relatively harmless drugs are illegal?
176(7)
The role of the media in drug scares
On legalization
183(4)
Conclusion
187(1)
Issue in Depth: Decriminalize It!
188(8)
Disscussion Questions
196(1)
Law Enforcement: Innocent Bias in America
197(36)
Introduction
197(1)
Basic roles and responsibilities of police officers: What politice do and how they do it
197(4)
How police serve crime victims
201(1)
The move to community policing
202(3)
Innocent bias: How policing is organized in the United States
205(10)
The use of police discretion
The particular focus of police on certain types of crimes
Policing the war on drugs
The use of police profiling
The location of police on the streets of the United States
American stop rates and arrest rates
215(4)
Use of force
219(3)
Differential views of the police
222(3)
Corruption in American policing
225(3)
Conclusion
228(1)
Issue in Depth: Corruption in the Criminal Justice System
228(3)
Discussion Questions
231(2)
Right to Trial? Injustice in Pretrial and Trial Procedures
233(32)
Introduction
233(1)
The U.S. court structure
233(3)
What courts do
236(1)
The courtroom workgroup: An imbalance of power in the court
237(5)
Pretrial procedures and justice
242(7)
Bail as an injustice
Plea bargaining as an injustice
The unequal right to a defense in the United States: Public versus private attorneys
249(2)
The ``exceptional case'' of trial
251(5)
Stages of the criminal trial
Conclusion
256(1)
Issue in Depth: Wrongful Convictions
256(7)
Discussion Questions
263(2)
Punishment: Does It Work and Is It Fair?
265(32)
Introduction
265(1)
An introduction to sentencing
265(6)
What is sentencing?
Types of sentences
Sentencing facts
Why do we punish?
271(8)
Retribution
Incapacitation
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Punishment: A Summary
Methods of punishment
279(4)
Is punishment effective?
283(2)
What we've learned from offenders
What we've learned from other criminal justice research
Bias in the sentencing process
285(6)
Conclusion
291(1)
Issue in Depth: What Works, What Doesn't
292(4)
Discussion Questions
296(1)
Imprisonment: Lock 'Em Up and Throw Away Your Money
297(30)
Introduction
297(1)
America's incarceration rate
297(7)
What it costs
Who's in prison?
304(3)
What happens in prison? Pains of imprisonment
307(10)
Loss of liberty
Loss of autonomy
Loss of security
Deprivation of heterosexual relationships
Deprivation of goods and services
Loss of voting rights
Loss of dignity
Stigmatization
Forgiving the offender: Why harass paroless?
317(2)
How and why corrections reflects criminal justice bias
319(3)
Conclusion
322(1)
Issue in Depth: The Failures of Prison
323(3)
Discussion Questions
326(1)
The Ultimate Sanction: Death As Justice?
327(34)
Introduction
327(1)
A brief history of capital punishment
328(5)
Death penalty facts
333(8)
Public support for capital punishment
341(3)
Justifications for capital punishment: Logical or not?
344(8)
Retribution
Incapacitation
Deterrence
What's wrong with the death penalty?
352(6)
Conclusion
358(1)
Issue in Depth: A Broken System
358(2)
Discussion Questions
360(1)
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations for the Future
361(22)
Introduction
361(1)
Summary: The criminal justice system fails to do justice and reduce crime
361(3)
Where to go from here: Alternatives to current criminal justice practice
364(13)
General recommendations about government and informing citizens
Recommendations about reforming the law and crime
Recommendations about the media
Recommendations about the police
Recommendations about the courts and about sentencing
Recommendations about corrections
Likelihood of success
377(1)
Conclusion
377(1)
Issue in Depth: Toward Social Justice
378(4)
Discussion Questions
382(1)
References and Further Readings383(30)
Index413

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