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Justice Administration

ISBN: 9780137587728 | 0137587724
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall, Incorporated
Pub. Date: 7/1/1997

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Table of Contents
PREFACExxi(2)
ABOUT THE AUTHORxxiii
PART I: JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION: AN INTRODUCTION2(80)
CHAPTER 1: THE STUDY AND SCOPE OF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION
2... MORE
Why Study Justice Administration?
2(3)
Purpose of the Book and Key Terms
3(1)
Organization of the Book
4(1)
A True System of Justice?
5(7)
A Criminal Justice Process?
6(1)
A Criminal Justice Network?
6(2)
A Criminal Justice Nonsystem?
8(3)
Or a True Criminal Justice System?
11(1)
The Foundations of Justice and Administration: Legal and Historical Bases
12(3)
The Consensus Versus Conflict Debate
12(2)
Crime Control Through Due Process
14(1)
Public- Versus Private-Sector Administration
15(1)
Policymaking in Justice Administration
16(2)
Summary
18(1)
Questions for Review
18(1)
Notes
18(3)
CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
21(34)
Introduction
21(1)
Defining Organizations
22(1)
Organizational Theory and Function
23(1)
Elements of an Organization
23(1)
Organizational Inputs/Outputs
24(1)
Organization Structure
24(4)
Managing the Organization
28(3)
What Is Management?
28(1)
Analects of Confucius and Machiavelli
29(2)
Communication Within the Organization
31(3)
Definition and Characteristics of Communication
31(1)
Barriers to Effective Communication
32(1)
The Grapevine
33(1)
Historical Approaches to Management
34(2)
Scientific Management
34(1)
Human Relations Management
34(1)
Systems Management Approach
35(1)
Primary Leadership Theories
36(4)
Trait Theory
36(1)
Style Theory
37(2)
Situational Leadership
39(1)
The Managerial Grid
40(1)
Types of Leadership Skills
40(2)
Management Fads
42(2)
Motivating Employees
44(6)
The Hawthorne Studies
44(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
45(1)
McGregor's Theory X/Theory Y
46(3)
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory
49(1)
Expectancy and Contingency Theories
49(1)
Summary
50(1)
Questions for Review
51(1)
Notes
51(4)
CHAPTER 3: THE REFORMERS: EVOLUTION OF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION
55(27)
Introduction
55(1)
Professional Policing Comes to America
56(5)
Leonhard F. Fuld
56(1)
August Vollmer
57(1)
Raymond B. Fosdick
58(1)
Bruce Smith
59(1)
O. W. Wilson
60(1)
Development of Court Administration
61(5)
Arthur T. Vanderbilt
61(3)
A. Leo Levin
64(1)
Edward B. McConnell
65(1)
Ernest C. Friesen Jr.
66(1)
Development of Corrections Administration
66(7)
John Howard
67(1)
Elam Lynds
68(1)
Zebulon Reed Brockway
69(1)
Mary Belle Harris
70(1)
George Beto
71(2)
Other Influential Individuals
73(1)
Development of Probation and Parole
73(2)
John Augustus
73(1)
Alexander Maconochie and the Parole System
74(1)
Summary
75(1)
Questions for Review
75(1)
Notes
75(7)
PART II: THE POLICE82(74)
CHAPTER 4: POLICE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION
82(22)
Introduction
82(1)
Police Agencies as Organizations
83(1)
Missions and Goals
83(1)
Specialization in Police Agencies
83(1)
Contemporary Police Organization
84(3)
The Traditional Bureaucratic Model
84(2)
Attempts to Reform the Traditional Bureaucratic Model
86(1)
A Basic Police Organization Structure
87(2)
Policies, Procedures, Rules, and Regulations in Policing
89(3)
The Influence of Research on Police Functions
92(5)
The Mid-1970s: Crises Stimulate Progress
92(2)
Rethinking "Sacred Cow" Traditions
94(2)
Other Major Findings
96(1)
Innovation and Values in Police Organizations
97(1)
Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving
98(2)
A Model for Problem Solving
98(1)
The Role of the Chief Executive, Mid-Level Managers, and First-Line Supervisors
99(1)
Summary
100(1)
Questions for Review
101(1)
Notes
101(3)
CHAPTER 5: POLICE PERSONNEL ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
104(23)
Introduction
104(2)
Roles of the Police Executive: The Mintzberg Model of CEOs
106(4)
The Interpersonal Role
106(1)
The Informational Role
107(1)
The Decision-Maker Role
108(1)
Is There a Dominant CEO Management Style?
108(1)
Observable Skills of Good Management
109(1)
Police Executives
110(2)
Promoting and Hiring the Best: The Assessment Center
110(1)
The Responsibilities of the Police Manager
111(1)
Chiefs of Police
112(3)
Political and Community Expectations
112(1)
Qualifications, Selection, and Tenure
113(1)
The Departure of Reform-Minded Chiefs
114(1)
The Sheriff
115(2)
Contemporary Nature and Functions
115(2)
Rating Chief Executive Performance
117(2)
Inappropriate Evaluation Criteria
117(1)
Appropriate Traits to Evaluate
118(1)
Mid-Level Managers: Captains and Lieutenants
119(2)
First-Line Supervisors: The Role of Patrol Sergeant
121(2)
Seeking the Gold Badge
121(1)
Getting That First Promotion
122(1)
Transition to Sergeant
122(1)
Distribution and Deployment of Patrol Forces
123(1)
Evaluating the Number of Officers Needed
123(1)
Summary
124(1)
Questions for Review
124(1)
Notes
125(2)
CHAPTER 6: POLICE ISSUES AND PRACTICES
127(29)
Introduction
127(1)
What Works: Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving in Action
128(1)
Case Studies
128(4)
Drugs and Guns on Maple Street in San Diego
128(2)
Public Housing Problems in North Tulsa, Oklahoma
130(2)
Supervising the Legitimate Use of Force
132(3)
Violence in Our Society
132(1)
Levels of Force
133(1)
Warning Shots, Weapons, and Pursuits: Policy and Procedure
134(1)
Managing Special Operations: Strategies and Tactics
135(3)
Crowd and Riot Control
136(1)
Hostage Situations
136(1)
Special Weapons and Tactics Teams
137(1)
Major Disasters
138(1)
Accreditation of Police Agencies
138(1)
Technological Developments: The Videotape
139(2)
Evaluating Patrol Officer Performance
141(3)
Issues Related to Police Training
144(1)
Liability and Negligence
144(1)
Ongoing Training
144(1)
Stress and Burnout in Police Organizations
145(1)
Implications for Administrators and Supervisors
145(1)
Summary
146(1)
Questions for Review
146(1)
Notes
147(2)
Case Studies
149(7)
Intruding Ima and the Falsified Report
149(1)
"Racin' Ray," the Graveyard-Shift Gadabout
150(1)
Dismal City P.D.'s Command to "Do More With Less"
151(5)
PART III: THE COURTS156(54)
CHAPTER 7: COURT ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION
156(16)
Introduction
156(1)
Courts as Organizations
157(4)
A Nonbureaucratic Work Group
157(1)
Unifying Court Names and Functions
158(3)
Court Decor and Decorum
161(2)
Courts: Seekers of Truth or Impediments to the Truth?
163(1)
The Influence of Courts in Policymaking
164(1)
An (Over)Abundance of Lawyers
165(1)
Our New National Pastime: Litigation
166(2)
Proposed Solutions to Decrease Litigation
167(1)
Citizens and the Courts
168(1)
Summary
169(1)
Questions for Review
169(1)
Notes
170(2)
CHAPTER 8: COURT PERSONNEL ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
172(20)
Introduction
172(1)
Defining Judicial Administration
173(1)
Court Administration
174(1)
Judges as Administrators
174(4)
Factors That Shape Judges' Attitudes
174(2)
Judges as Court Managers
176(2)
Court Clerks
178(1)
Clerks in Rural Courts: The Forgotten Majority
179(1)
Court Administrators
179(2)
Development and Training
179(2)
General Duties
181(1)
Conflict Between Judicial Administrators
181(4)
A Difficult Dichotomy
181(2)
Sources of Disagreement
183(2)
How Judges Evaluate Administrators
185(1)
Court Administration Reform: A Model Program
186(2)
Summary
188(1)
Questions for Review
188(1)
Notes
189(3)
CHAPTER 9: COURT ISSUES AND PRACTICES
192(18)
Introduction
192(1)
Drug Courts
193(1)
The Dilemma of Delay
193(2)
Consequences of Delay
194(1)
Suggested Solutions to the Delay Problem
194(1)
Case Scheduling
195(2)
Individual Calendar System
195(1)
Master Calendar System
196(1)
Which System Is Best?
196(1)
Managing Notorious Cases
197(1)
A Historical Phenomenon
197(1)
Administrative Issues
197(1)
The Impact of Health-Related Issues on the Courts
198(2)
A Related Problem: The Growth in Scientific Testimony
199(1)
Interpreters in the Courtroom
200(3)
The Legal Basis
200(1)
The Problem of Gender Bias in the Courts
201(2)
Summary
203(1)
Questions for Review
203(1)
Notes
203(2)
Case Studies
205(5)
The Court Administrator and the Prudent Police Chief
205(1)
Chief Judge Cortez's Embattled Court
206(1)
An Unmanageable Case Management Quandary
207(3)
PART IV: CORRECTIONS210(102)
CHAPTER 10: CORRECTIONS ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION
210(27)
Introduction
210(1)
Correctional Organizations
211(4)
General Features
211(1)
Open Systems
212(1)
Administration and Management of Correctional Institutions
212(3)
Prisons as Organizations
215(2)
Development and Status of Inmate Civil Litigation
217(2)
Rights of Prison Inmates
217(1)
The Resurgence of the Hands-Off Doctrine
217(1)
Prisoner Litigation
217(1)
The Due Deference Doctrine
218(1)
The Increase in the Prison Population
219(2)
Rehabilitative Versus Lock-'Em-Up Philosophies
219(2)
Programs to Address Inmates' Problems
221(1)
Prison Industries: Ventures with the Private Sector
222(2)
Jails as Organizations
224(2)
The "New Generation" Jail
224(2)
Making Jails Productive
226(1)
Research in Correctional Institutions
226(4)
Prison and Jail Crowding
227(1)
Spatial and Social Densities
227(1)
Health Risks from Incarceration
228(1)
Effects of Long-Term Incarceration
228(1)
Effects of Solitary Confinement
229(1)
Effects of Living on Death Row
229(1)
Pressing and Important Issues Relating to Correctional Institutions
230(1)
Summary
230(1)
Questions for Review
231(1)
Notes
231(6)
CHAPTER 11: CORRECTIONS PERSONNEL ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
237(24)
Introduction
237(1)
Prison Administration for the 21st Century
238(2)
Superintendents and the "New Old Penology"
238(1)
Administering Prisons
238(2)
Contemporary Challenges to Prison Administrators
240(9)
"Death Work": Carrying Out Executions
242(1)
Staff-Inmate Relationships
243(2)
Overcrowding: Possible Solutions
245(1)
Prison Rule Violators
246(1)
Obtaining Confidential Information
247(1)
Administrative Use of the Inmate Self-Help Movement
248(1)
Correctional Officers: "Thy Brother's Keeper"
249(4)
Comparison of Corrections Officers and Inmates
250(1)
Requirements of Correctional Officers
251(1)
Results of Research Studies Concerning Correctional Officer Characteristics
252(1)
Jails
253(3)
Prisoners
253(1)
Career Paths for Jail Personnel
254(1)
Training of Jail Personnel
254(1)
Jail Overcrowding
255(1)
Summary
256(1)
Questions for Review
256(1)
Notes
256(5)
CHAPTER 12: COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: PROBATION AND PAROLE
261(20)
Introduction
261(1)
Alternatives to Imprisonment
262(1)
The Burden of Large Probation and Parole Caseloads
263(1)
Probation Systems
264(4)
Types of Systems
264(2)
Probation Departments' Need for an Organization Plan
266(1)
Systems Theory
266(2)
Parole Systems
268(2)
Models for Providing Services
268(1)
The Demise of Federal Parole
269(1)
Intermediate Sanctions
270(7)
Alternatives to Incarceration
271(3)
Electronic Monitoring/House Arrest
274(1)
Shock Incarceration
275(1)
Boot Camps
276(1)
Summary
277(1)
Questions for Review
277(1)
Notes
277(4)
CHAPTER 13: CORRECTIONS ISSUES AND PRACTICES
281(31)
Introduction
281(1)
Recent Innovations in Correctional Facilities
282(2)
Coed Prisons
282(1)
Smoke-Free Correctional Facilities
282(2)
Sex and Violence in Correctional Institutions
284(3)
Sexual Victimization
284(2)
Institutional Violence
286(1)
Administrative Approaches to Violence
287(1)
Drug Interdiction and Treatment in Prisons
287(1)
Prison Gangs
288(1)
Prison Riots
289(2)
Before the Riot
290(1)
During the Riot
290(1)
After the Riot
291(1)
Inmate Classification
291(2)
Implications for Institutional Management
292(1)
Calculating Correctional Costs
293(1)
The Move Toward Privatization
294(2)
Emergence of the Concept
294(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
295(1)
Corrections Accreditation
296(1)
Summary
297(1)
Questions for Review
297(1)
Notes
297(4)
Case Studies
301(11)
Prisons, Politics, Poverty, and the Rebellious Rurals
301(1)
The Prison Director Versus the Irate Inmate
302(2)
"Out of Town Brown" and the Besieged Probation Supervisor
304(1)
"Cheerless Chuck" and the Parole Officer's Orientation Day
305(2)
The Wright Way
307(5)
PART V: SPANNING THE SYSTEM: ISSUES CHALLENGING THE JUSTICE SYSTEM312(109)
CHAPTER 14: RIGHTS AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EMPLOYEES
312(32)
Introduction
312(1)
An Overview of Legislation
313(2)
The Employment Relationship
315(9)
Recruitment and Hiring
315(1)
Disparate Treatment
315(2)
How Old Is "Too Old" in Criminal Justice?
317(1)
Criminal Justice and Affirmative Action
317(1)
Property Rights in Employment
318(2)
Discipline and Discharge
320(2)
Pay and Benefits
322(1)
Criminal Justice and a Safe Workplace
323(1)
Constitutional Rights of Criminal Justice Employees
324(10)
Free Speech
324(3)
Searches and Seizures
327(1)
Self-Incrimination
328(1)
Religious Practices
328(1)
Sexual Misconduct
329(1)
Residency Requirements
330(1)
Moonlighting
331(1)
Misuse of Firearms
331(1)
Alcohol and Drugs in the Workplace
332(2)
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
334(1)
Civil Liability in Justice Administration
335(3)
Development of Section 1983 Legislation
336(1)
Liability of Police Supervisors
336(1)
Liability of Corrections Personnel When Suicides Occur
337(1)
Other Liabilities
338(1)
Summary
338(1)
Questions for Review
339(1)
Notes
339(5)
CHAPTER 15: FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION
344(33)
Introduction
344(11)
The Budget
355
A Working Definition
345(1)
Elements of a Budget
346(9)
The Budget Cycle
346(9)
Budget Formats
355(12)
The Line-Item Budget
355(1)
The Performance Budget
356(6)
The Program Budget
362(1)
PPBS and Zero-Based Budgeting Formats
362(5)
Potential Pitfalls of Budgeting
367(2)
The Need for Budgeting Flexibility
367(1)
Common Cost and Waste Problems
368(1)
A Diversion: Exigency and Politics
369(3)
Slashing Budgets to the Bone
369(2)
Law Enforcement: Cutting Service, Altering Priorities
371(1)
Charging User Fees in the Courts
371(1)
Strategies for Augmenting Criminal Justice Budgets
372(1)
Summary
373(1)
Questions for Review
373(1)
Notes
374(3)
CHAPTER 16: TECHNOLOGY REVIEW
377(27)
Introduction
377(1)
Technology in Policing
378(11)
Use of Wireless Technology
378(1)
Technology Aids Community Policing
379(1)
Electronics in Traffic Investigations and Enforcement
380(1)
Expediting DUI Arrests
380(1)
Image Enhancement Technology
381(1)
Imaged Fingerprints and Mugshots
381(1)
Computerized Mapping for Crime Control
382(1)
Three-Dimensional Crime Scene Drafting
383(1)
Gunshot Locator System
384(1)
Firearms Training
384(1)
Gang Intelligence Systems
384(1)
Enhanced Dispatch Systems Save Lives
385(1)
Drugfire Network Connects Guns to Crimes
385(1)
NCIC 2000
386(1)
Databases for Brady Act Background Checks
386(1)
The Camcorder Era
387(1)
Hi-Tech Gun Control: "Smart Guns" Can Save Lives
387(1)
The Search for the Consummate Less-Than-Lethal Weapon
388(1)
Court Technologies That Increase Efficiency
389(6)
Electronic Filing
390(1)
Document Imaging
390(1)
Videoconferencing
391(2)
Courtroom 21
393(1)
Court Reporters and Technology
394(1)
Other Uses of Technology
394(1)
Technology in Corrections Facilities
395(5)
Tracking Prison Inmates in California
397(2)
Automated Direct Supervision in Jails
399(1)
Kiosk Check-In for Probationers
399(1)
Summary
400(1)
Questions for Review
401(1)
Notes
401(3)
CHAPTER 17: PEEKING OVER THE RIM: WHAT LIES AHEAD?
404(17)
Introduction
404(1)
How to Predict the Future
405(1)
The Changing Face of America
406(1)
The Changing Nature of Crime
407(1)
Policing Methods of the Future
407(2)
Future Changes in the Courts
409(1)
Shifts in Philosophy and Practices
409(1)
Help on the Horizon with Technology
409(1)
Corrections and the Future
410(5)
Continuing the Boom Industry
410(1)
Future Needs of Correctional Managers
411(1)
Prisons: To Reform or Not to Reform
411(2)
Building More Prisons: Large, Small, or None at All?
413(2)
Can Administrators "Reinvent" Criminal Justice?
415(2)
Casting Off Old Ways
415(1)
A Shift in Governance
416(1)
Computer Applications
416(1)
Summary
417(1)
Questions for Review
418(1)
Notes
418(3)
INDEX421

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