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Introduction to Spectroscopy : A Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry

by:
ISBN: 9780030584275 | 0030584272
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Brooks Cole
Pub. Date: 12/3/1995

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SummaryTable of Contents
A true introductory text for learning the spectroscopic techniques of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Infrared, Ultraviolet and Mass Spectrometry. It can be used in a stand alone spectroscopy course or as a supplement to the sophomore-level organic chemistry course.
Molecular Formulas and What Can Be Learned From Them
1(13)
Elemental Analysis And Calculations
1(2)
Determination of Mol... MORE
3(1)
Molecular Formulas
4(1)
Index of Hydrogen Deficiency
5(2)
The Rule of Thirteen
7(3)
A Quick Look Ahead to Simple Uses of Mass Spectra
10(4)
Problems
11(2)
References
13(1)
Infrared Spectroscopy
14(253)
Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy
16(1)
The Infrared Absorption Process
16(1)
Uses of The Infrared Spectrum
16(1)
The Modes of Stretching and Bending
17(2)
Bond Properties and Absorption Trends
19(3)
The Infrared Spectrometer
22(2)
Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers
23(1)
Fourier Transform Spectrometers
24(1)
Preparation of Samples For Infrared Spectroscopy
24(1)
What To Look For When Examining Infrared Spectra
25(2)
Correlation Charts And Tables
27(2)
How to Approach The Analysis of A Spectrum (or What You Can Tell At a Glance)
29(2)
A Survey of the Important Functional Groups with Examples
30(1)
Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
31(11)
Alkanes
31(1)
Alkenes
32(2)
Alkynes
34(8)
Aromatic Rings
42(5)
Alcohols and Phenols
47(3)
Ethers
50(2)
Carbonyl Compounds
52(21)
Factors Which Influence The C=0 Stretching Vibration
54(2)
Aldehydes
56(2)
Ketones
58(4)
Carboxylic Acids
62(1)
Esters
63(6)
Amides
69(2)
Acid Chlorides
71(1)
Anhydrides
72(1)
Amines
73(3)
Nitriles, Isocyanates, and Imines
76(2)
Nitro Compounds
78(1)
Carboxylate Salts, Amine Salts, and Amino Acids
79(1)
Sulfur Compounds
80(3)
Phosphorus Compounds
83(1)
Alkyl and Aryl Halides
84(12)
Problems
85(10)
References
95(1)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Basic Concepts
96(1)
Nuclear Spin States
96(1)
Nuclear Magnetic Moments
97(2)
Absorption of Energy
99(2)
The Mechanism of Absorption (Resonance)
101(1)
Population Densities of Nuclear Spin States
102(1)
The Chemical Shift and Shielding
103(2)
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer
105(7)
The Continuous-Wave Instrument
105(3)
The Pulsed Fourier Transform (FT) Instrument
108(4)
Chemical Equivalence---A Brief Overview
112(1)
Integrals and Integration
113(1)
Chemical Environment and Chemical Shift
114(2)
Local Diamagnetic Shielding
116(3)
Electronegativity Effects
116(1)
Hybridization Effects
117(1)
Acidic and Exchangeable Protons; Hydrogen Bonding
118(1)
Magnetic Anisotropy
119(3)
Spin-Spin Splitting (n+1) Rule
122(3)
The Origin of Spin-Spin Splitting
125(2)
The Ethyl Group (CH3CH2--)
127(1)
Pascal's Triangle
128(1)
The Coupling Constant
128(3)
A Comparison of NMR Spectra at Low and High Field Strengths
131(15)
Problems
133(12)
References
145(1)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Carbon-13 Spectra, Including Heteronuclear Coupling with Other Nuclei
146(1)
The Carbon-13 Nucleus
146(1)
Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts
147(3)
Correlation Charts
147(1)
Calculation of 13C Chemical Shifts
148(2)
Proton-Coupled 13C Spectra---Spin-Spin Splitting of Carbon-13 Signals
150(2)
Proton-Decoupled 13C Spectra
152(1)
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)
152(3)
Problems with Integration in 13C Spectra
155(1)
Molecular Relaxation Processes
156(2)
Off-Resonance Decoupling
158(1)
Some Sample Spectra---Equivalent Carbons
159(3)
Compounds with Aromatic Rings
162(2)
Carbon-13 NMR Solvents---Heteronuclear Coupling of Carbon to Deuterium
164(3)
Heteronuclear Coupling of Carbon to Fluorine-19
167(1)
Heteronuclear Coupling of Carbon to Phosphorus-31
168(16)
Problems
169(13)
References
182(2)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
More Advanced Considerations
184(1)
Coupling Constants: Symbols
184(1)
Coupling Constants: The Mechanism of Coupling
185(10)
One-Bond Couplings (1J)
186(2)
Two-Bond Couplings (2J)
188(2)
Three-Bond Couplings (3J)
190(4)
Long-Range Couplings (4J-nJ)
194(1)
Magnetic Equivalence
195(3)
Nonequivalence Within a Group---the Use of Tree Diagrams When the n + 1 Rule Fails
198(2)
Alkenes
200(3)
Mechanisms of Coupling in Alkenes; Allylic Coupling
203(2)
Protons on Oxygen: Alcohols
205(3)
Exchange in Water and D2O
208(3)
Acid/Water and Alcohol/Water Mixtures
208(1)
Deuterium Exchange
209(1)
Peak Broadening Due to Exchange
210(1)
Protons on Nitrogen: Amines
211(3)
Protons on Nitrogen: Quadrupole Broadening and Decoupling
214(1)
Amides
214(4)
Second-Order Spectra---Strong Coupling
218(8)
First-Order and Second-Order Spectra
218(1)
Spin System Notation
218(1)
The A2, AB, and Ax Spin Systems
219(2)
The AB2...AX2 and A2B2...A2X2 Spin Systems
221(1)
Simulation of Spectra
222(1)
The Absence of Second-Order Effects at Higher Field
223(1)
Deceptively Simple Spectra
223(3)
Some Other Patterns
226(1)
Aromatic Compounds---Substituted Benzene Rings
226(7)
Monosubstituted Rings
227(3)
Para-Disubstituted Rings
230(1)
Other Substitution
231(2)
Homotopic, Enantiotopic, and Diastereotopic Systems
233(2)
Spectra of Diastereotopic Systems
235(4)
Diastereotopic Methyl Groups: (S)-(+)-3-Methyl-2-Butanol
235(2)
Diastereotopic Hydrogens: 1, 2-Dichloropropane
237(1)
Diastereotopic Fluorines: 1-Bromo-2-Chloro-1, 1, 2-Trifluoroethane
238(1)
Is the n + 1 Rule Ever Really Obeyed?
239(1)
Long-Range Coupling
240(3)
Chemical Shift Reagents; 200-and 300-MHZ Spectra
243(1)
Chiral Resolving Agents
244(3)
Spin Decoupling Methods; Double Resonance
247(20)
Problems
249(17)
References
266(1)
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
267(36)
The Nature of Electronic Excitations
267(2)
The Origin of UV Band Structure
269(1)
Principles of Absorption Spectroscopy
269(1)
Instrumentation
270(1)
Presentation of Spectra
271(1)
Solvents
272(1)
What is a Chromophore?
273(3)
The Effect of Conjugation
276(1)
The Effect of Conjugation on Alkenes
277(3)
The Woodward-Fieser Rules for Dienes
280(3)
Carbonyl Compounds; Enones
283(2)
Woodward's Rules for Enones
285(2)
α, β-Unsaturated Aldehydes, Acids, and Esters
287(1)
Aromatic Compounds
288(6)
Substituents with Unshared Electrons
290(1)
Substituents Capable of π-Conjugation
291(1)
Electron-Releasing and Electron-Withdrawing Effects
292(1)
Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives
292(2)
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds
294(1)
Model Compound Studies
294(3)
Visible Spectra: Color in Compounds
297(2)
What to Look for in an Ultraviolet Spectrum: A Practical Guide
299(4)
Problems
301(1)
References
302(1)
Mass Spectrometry
303(67)
The Mass Spectrometer
303(3)
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
306(1)
The Mass Spectrum
307(3)
Determination of Molecular Weight
310(3)
Molecular Formulas from Isotope Ratio Data
313(4)
Some Fragmentation Patterns
317(39)
Alkanes
319(4)
Alkenes
323(2)
Alkynes
325(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
326(3)
Alcohols and Phenols
329(5)
Ethers
334(1)
Aldehydes
335(1)
Ketones
336(4)
Esters
340(2)
Carboxylic Acids
342(1)
Amines
343(5)
Selected Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds
348(4)
Halogen Compounds
352(4)
Additional Topics
356(1)
Computerized Matching of Spectra with Spectral Libraries
357(13)
Problems
359(10)
References
369(1)
Combined Structure Problems
370(75)
Example 1
372(2)
Example 2
374(2)
Example 3
376(2)
Example 4
378(2)
Problems
380(23)
Molecular Formulas for Problems
403(1)
Sources of Additional Problems
403(1)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Advanced Nmr Techniques
404(1)
Pulse Sequences
404(3)
Pulse Widths, Spins, and Magnetization Vectors
407(4)
The Dept Experiment
411(4)
Determining the Number of Attached Hydrogens
415(4)
Methine Carbons (CH)
415(2)
Methylene Carbons (CH2)
417(1)
Methyl Carbons (CH3)
418(1)
Quaternary Carbons (C)
418(1)
The Final Result
419(1)
Introduction to Two-Dimensional Spectroscopic Methods
419(1)
The Cosy Technique
419(5)
An Overview of the Cosy Experiment
420(1)
How to Read Cosy Spectra
421(3)
The Hetcor Technique
424(5)
An Overview of the Hetcor Experiment
425(1)
How to Read Hetcor Spectra
425(4)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
429(16)
Problems
432(11)
References
443(2)
Answers to Problems445(58)
Appendices
Appendix 1 Infrared Absorption Frequencies of Functional Groups
459(6)
Appendix 2 Some Representative Chemical Shift Values for Various Types of Protons
465(3)
Appendix 3 Typical Proton Coupling Constants
468(4)
Appendix 4 Calculation of Proton (1H) Chemical Shifts
472(5)
Appendix 5 Calculation of Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts
477(10)
Appendix 6 13C Coupling Constants
487(1)
Appendix 7 Tables of Precise Masses and Isotopic Abundance Ratios for Molecular Ions Under Mass 100 Containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
488(6)
Appendix 8 Common Fragment Ions Under Mass 105
494(3)
Appendix 9 Handy-Dandy Guide to Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns
497(3)
Appendix 10 Index of Spectra
500(3)
Index503

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