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Introduction To Sociology

ISBN: 9780393925531 | 0393925536
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc
Pub. Date: 3/15/2005

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Table of Contents
Prefacexiii
Part One: The Study of Sociology
1(48)
What Is Sociology?
3(26)
... MORE
Developing a Sociological Perspective
4(8)
Studying Sociology
6(2)
Developing a Global Perspective
8(4)
Understanding Social Change
12(1)
The Development of Sociological Thinking
12(10)
Theories and Theoretical Approaches
12(1)
Early Theorists
13(3)
Neglected Founders
16(1)
Understanding the Modern World: The Sociological Debate
17(1)
Modern Theoretical Approaches
18(3)
Theoretical Thinking in Sociology
21(1)
Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology
22(1)
Is Sociology a Science?
22(1)
Is Sociology Merely a Restatement of the Obvious?
23(1)
How Can Sociology Help Us in Our Lives?
23(6)
Awareness of Cultural Differences
23(1)
Assessing the Effects of Policies
23(1)
Self-Enlightenment
23(1)
The Sociologist's Role in Society
24(5)
Asking and Answering Sociological Questions
29(20)
Why Hang Out in Public Bathrooms?
30(1)
Sociological Questions
30(1)
The Research Process
31(3)
Defining the Research Problem
31(1)
Reviewing the Evidence
32(1)
Making the Problem Precise
32(1)
Working Out a Design
33(1)
Carrying Out the Research
33(1)
Interpreting the Results
33(1)
Reporting the Findings
33(1)
Reality Intrudes!
34(1)
Understanding Cause and Effect
34(2)
Causation and Correlation
34(2)
Research Methods
36(6)
Ethnography
36(1)
Surveys
36(2)
Experiments
38(1)
Life Histories
39(1)
Comparative Research
39(3)
Historical Analysis
42(1)
Combining Comparative and Historical Research
42(1)
Research in the Real World: Methods. Problems, and Pitfalls
42(7)
Human Subjects and Ethical Problems
46(1)
The Influence of Sociology
46(3)
Part Two: The Individual and Society
49(152)
Culture and Society
51(36)
The Sociological Study of Culture
52(7)
What Is Culture?
52(3)
Culture and Society
55(3)
Culture and Change: A ``Cultural Turn'' in Sociology?
58(1)
The Development of Human Culture
59(11)
Early Human Culture: Adaptation to Physical Environment
59(1)
Nature or Nurture?
59(3)
How Nature and Nuture Interact
62(1)
Cultural Diversity
63(5)
Cultural Universals
68(2)
Culture and Social Development
70(1)
Disappearing World: Premodern Societies and Their Fate
70(4)
The Earliest Societies Hunters and Gatherers
71(1)
Pastoral and Agrarian Societies
72(1)
Traditional Societies or Civilizations
72(2)
Societies in the Modern World
74(5)
The Industrialized Societies
74(1)
Global Development
75(2)
The Developing World
77(1)
The Newly Industrializing Economies
78(1)
The Impact of Globalization
79(8)
Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture?
80(2)
Globalization and Local Cultures
82(5)
Socialization and the Life Cycle
87(22)
Culture, Society, and Child Socialization
88(13)
``Unsocialized'' Children
88(2)
Theories of Child Development
90(1)
Agents of Socialization
91(5)
Social Roles
96(1)
Identity
96(1)
Gender Socialization
97(2)
Gender Socialization: The Sociological Debate
99(2)
Socialization Through the Life Course
101(8)
Childhood
101(2)
The Teenager
103(1)
Young Adulthood
104(1)
Mature Adulthood
104(1)
Old Age
104(5)
Social Interaction and Everyday Life
109(22)
The Study of Daily Life
110(1)
Nonverbal Communication
111(1)
``Face,'' Gestures, and Emotion
111(1)
Gender and Nonverbal Communication
112(1)
Social Rules and Talk
112(5)
Shared Understandings
113(1)
Garfinkel's Experiments
113(1)
``Interactional Vandalism''
113(4)
Response Cries
117(1)
Face, Body, and Speech in Interaction
117(3)
Encounters
117(1)
Impression Management
118(2)
Personal Space
120(1)
Interaction in Time and Space
120(5)
Clock Time
121(1)
Social Life and the Ordering of Space and Time
121(1)
Everyday Life in Cultural and Historical Perspective
121(1)
The Compulsion of Proximity
122(2)
The Social Construction of Reality: The Sociological Debate
124(1)
Linking Microsociology and Macrosociology
125(6)
Women and Men in Public
125(1)
Blacks and Whites in Public
125(6)
Groups, Networks, and Organizations
131(36)
Social Groups
132(6)
Groups: Variety and Characteristics
132(2)
The Effects of Size
134(2)
Types of Leadership
136(1)
Conformity
136(2)
Networks
138(2)
The Internet as Social Network
139(1)
Organizations
140(1)
Theories of Organizations
141(10)
Bureaucracy
141(5)
Organizations as Mechanistic and Organic Systems
146(1)
The Physical Setting of Organizations
146(2)
Bureaucracy and Democracy
148(1)
Gender and Organizations
149(2)
Beyond Bureaucracy?
151(8)
Organizational Change: The Japanese Model
151(1)
The Transformation of Management
152(1)
Technology and Modern Organizations
153(5)
Organizations as Networks
158(1)
The ``McDonaldization'' of Society?
159(1)
Organizations that Span the World
159(2)
International Governmental Organizations
160(1)
International Nongovernmental Organizations
160(1)
How Do Groups and Organizations Affect Your Life?
161(1)
Social Capital: The Ties That Bind
161(1)
Conclusion
162(5)
Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
167(34)
The Study of Deviant Behavior
169(6)
What Is Deviance?
169(2)
Defining Deviance: The Sociological Debate
171(1)
Norms and Sanctions
171(3)
The Biological View of Deviance
174(1)
The Psychological View of Deviance
174(1)
Society and Crime: Sociological Theories
175(5)
Functionalist Theories
175(2)
Interactionist Theories
177(1)
Conflict Theory
178(1)
Control Theory
178(1)
Linking Micro- and Macrosociology: The Saints and the Roughnecks
179(1)
Theoretical Conclusions
180(1)
Crime and Crime Statistics
180(2)
Victims and Perpetrators of Crime
182(6)
Gender and Crime
182(3)
Crimes Against Gays and Lesbians
185(1)
Youth and Crime
185(1)
Crimes of the Powerful
186(1)
Organized Crime
187(1)
Cybercrime
188(1)
Crime-Reduction Strategies
188(13)
Are Prisons the Answer?
188(2)
The Mark of a Criminal Record
190(1)
Situational Crime Prevention
191(3)
Policing
194(1)
Crime and Community
195(6)
Part Three: Structures of Power
201(210)
Stratification, Class, and Inequality
203(42)
Systems of Stratification
204(3)
Slavery
205(1)
Caste Systems
205(1)
Class
206(1)
Classes in Western Societies Today
207(10)
Income
208(1)
Wealth
208(3)
Education
211(1)
Occupation
211(1)
Class and Lifestyle
212(1)
A Picture of the U.S. Class Structure
213(4)
Inequality in the United States: A Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor
217(3)
Corporate Executives versus Their Workers
217(2)
Minorities versus White Americans
219(1)
Single-Parent Families versus Married-Couple Families
220(1)
Social Mobility
220(8)
Intergenerational Mobility
221(1)
Intragenerational Mobility
221(3)
Opportunities for Mobility: Who Gets Ahead?
224(1)
Your Own Mobility Chances
224(1)
Downward Mobility
225(1)
Gender and Social Mobility
225(3)
Poverty in the United States
228(5)
Measuring Poverty
228(1)
Who Are the Poor?
229(2)
Explaining Poverty: The Sociological Debate
231(1)
Combating Poverty: Welfare Systems
232(1)
Social Exclusion
233(4)
Forms of Social Exclusion
234(1)
Crime and Social Exclusion
235(2)
Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies
237(3)
Marx: Means of Production and the Analysis of Class
237(1)
Weber: Class and Status
238(1)
Davis and Moore: The Functions of Stratification
238(1)
Erik Olin Wright: Contradictory Class Locations
238(1)
Frank Parkin and Social Closure
239(1)
Growing Inequality in the United States
240(5)
Global Inequality
245(32)
Global Inequality: Differences Among Countries
246(6)
High-Income Countries
248(1)
Middle-Income Countries
248(1)
Low-Income Countries
248(1)
Growing Global Inequality: The Rich Get Richer, the Poor Get Poorer
249(3)
Life in Rich and Poor Countries
252(5)
Health
252(1)
Hunger, Malnutrition, and Famine
253(3)
Education and Literacy
256(1)
Can Poor Countries Become Rich?
257(2)
Theories of Global Inequality
259(10)
Market-Oriented Theories
259(3)
Dependency Theories
262(2)
World-Systems Theory
264(4)
State-Centered Theories
268(1)
Evaluating Global Theories of Inequality
268(1)
Why Global Economic Inequality Matters to You
269(8)
Gender Inequality
277(38)
Gender Differences: Nature Versus Nurture
278(6)
The Role of Biology
278(1)
Gender Socialization
279(2)
The Social Construction of Gender
281(1)
Gender Identity in Everyday Life
281(1)
Findings from Other Cultures
282(2)
Forms of Gender Inequality
284(15)
Women and the Workplace
285(1)
Inequalities at Work
286(1)
The Gender Pay Gap: The Sociological Debate
287(4)
The Family and Gender Issues
291(2)
Education and Unequal Treatment in the Classroom
293(3)
Gender Inequality in Politics
296(1)
Violence Against Women
296(3)
Gender Inequality in Global Perspective
299(2)
Economic Inequality
300(1)
Political Inequality
300(1)
Analyzing Gender Inequality
301(9)
Functionalist Approaches
302(1)
Feminist Approaches
303(2)
Using Sociology to Understand Andrea's Life
305(5)
Why Gender Inequality Matters
310(5)
Ethnicity and Race
315(36)
Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts
316(5)
Racial Categories
318(1)
Racism and Antiracism
318(2)
Psychological Interpretations of Prejudice and Discrimination
320(1)
Ethnic Relations
321(4)
Ethnic Antagonism: A Historical Perspective
321(1)
The Rise of Racism
322(1)
Ethnic Conflict
323(1)
Models of Ethnic Integration
324(1)
Global Migration
325(3)
Ethnic Relations in the United States
328(10)
Early Colonization
328(2)
Immigration to the United States: The Sociological Debate
330(1)
African Americans in the United States
331(3)
Latinos in the United States
334(1)
The Asian Connection
335(3)
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
338(13)
Educational Attainment
338(1)
Employment and Income
338(2)
Health
340(1)
Residential Segregation
341(1)
Political Power
341(1)
Gender and Race
341(1)
Divergent Fortunes
342(1)
Understanding Racial Inequality
343(8)
Aging
351(20)
The Graying of U.S. Society
352(1)
How Do People Age?
352(3)
Biological Aging
354(1)
Psychological Aging
354(1)
Social Aging
355(1)
Growing Old: Competing Sociological Explanations
355(2)
The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism
355(1)
The Second Generation of Theories: Social Conflict
356(1)
The Third Generation of Theories: Self-Concept and Aging
357(1)
Aging in the United States
357(6)
Poverty
358(1)
Social Isolation
359(1)
Prejudice
360(2)
Physical Abuse
362(1)
Health Problems
362(1)
Lifelong Learning
363(1)
The Politics of Aging
363(4)
Do the Elderly Get an Unfair Amount of Government Support?
366(1)
Globalization: The Graying of the World Population
367(4)
Government, Political Power, and Social Movements
371(40)
Power and Authority
372(1)
The Concept of the State
372(4)
Characteristics of the State
372(1)
Citizenship Rights
373(3)
Democracy
376(15)
Participatory Democracy
377(1)
Monarchies and Liberal Democracies
377(1)
The Spread of Liberal Democracy
377(4)
Democracy in the United States
381(5)
The Political Participation of Women
386(1)
Who Rules? Theories of Democracy
386(3)
Democracy in Trouble?
389(2)
Political and Social Change
391(15)
Why Do Social Movements Occur?
391(6)
Feminist Movements
397(3)
Globalization and Social Movements
400(1)
Technology and Social Movements
401(3)
Nationalist Movements
404(2)
The Nation-State, National Identity, and Globalization
406(5)
Part Four: Social Institutions
411(132)
Work and Economic Life
413(32)
The Social Significance of Work
414(1)
Unpaid Work
415(1)
The Social Organization of Work
415(8)
Taylorism and Fordism
416(1)
Work and Alienation
417(1)
Low-Trust and High-Trust Systems
417(1)
Industrial Conflict
417(1)
Labor Unions
418(4)
What Do Workers Want?
422(1)
The Modern Economy
423(4)
Corporations and Corporate Power
423(1)
Types of Corporate Capitalism
424(1)
The Transnational Corporations
425(1)
Planning on a World Scale
426(1)
The Large Corporation: The Same, but Different
427(1)
The Changing Nature of Work
427(18)
Work and Technology
428(2)
Post-Fordism
430(4)
Trends in the Occupational Structure
434(2)
Unemployment
436(1)
The Future of Work
437(8)
Families and Intimate Relationships
445(30)
Basic Concepts
446(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on the Family
447(2)
Functionalism
447(1)
Feminist Approaches
448(1)
New Perspectives in the Sociology of the Family
448(1)
The Family in History
449(3)
The Development of Family Life
449(1)
``The Way We Never Were'': Myths of the Traditional Family
450(2)
Changes in Family Patterns Worldwide
452(1)
Directions of Change
452(1)
Marriage and the Family in the United States
453(11)
African American Families
455(2)
Latino Families
457(1)
Asian American Families
457(1)
Native American Families
457(1)
Divorce and Separation
458(4)
Remarriage and Stepparenting
462(1)
Single-Parent Households
463(1)
The Dark Side of the Family
464(2)
Family Violence
465(1)
Child Abuse
465(1)
Spousal Abuse
465(1)
Alternatives to Traditional Forms of Marriage and the Family
466(5)
Cohabitation
466(1)
Gay-Parent Families
467(3)
Staying Single
470(1)
The Future of the American Family: the Sociological Debate
471(4)
Education and the Mass Media
475(30)
The Development of Schooling
476(1)
Education and Industrialization
476(1)
Sociological Theories
477(1)
Education and Inequality
477(13)
``Savage Inequalities''
477(1)
Coleman's Study of ``Between School Effects'' in American Education
478(1)
Tracking and ``Within School Effects''
479(2)
The Social Reproduction of Inequality
481(2)
Intelligence and Inequality
483(3)
Educational Reform in the United States
486(4)
Education and Literacy in the Developing World
490(1)
Communication and the Mass Media
490(6)
The Sociological Study of the Mass Media
491(3)
Theories of the Mass Media's Influence on Society
494(2)
Technological Change, Media, and Education
496(9)
The Internet
497(1)
Education and New Communications Technology
498(1)
Lifelong Learning
499(6)
Religion in Modern Society
505(38)
The Sociological Study of Religion
506(2)
How Sociologists Think About Religion
506(1)
What Do Sociologists of Religion Study?
507(1)
Theories of Religion
508(5)
Marx: Religion and Inequality
508(1)
Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism
508(1)
Weber: The World Religions and Social Change
508(1)
Critical Assessment of the Classical View
509(1)
Secularization: The Sociological Debate
510(2)
Contemporary Approaches: ``Religious Economy''
512(1)
Types of Religious Organizations
513(5)
Churches and Sects
513(1)
Denominations and Cults
513(3)
Religious Movements
516(1)
New Religious Movements
516(2)
Gender and Religion
518(2)
Religious Images
518(1)
The Role of Women in Religious Organizations
519(1)
Women and Islam
519(1)
World Religions
520(5)
Christianity
520(1)
Islam
521(3)
Judaism
524(1)
Hinduism
525(1)
Religion in the United States
525(8)
``Civil Religion'' in the United States
526(1)
Trends in Religious Affiliation
526(4)
Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status
530(1)
Secularization or Religious Revival in America?
531(1)
The Resurgence of Evangelicalism
532(1)
Globalization and Religion
533(5)
Activist Religion and Social Change Throughout the World
533(1)
The Global Rise of Religious Nationalism
533(1)
Islamic Nationalism
534(4)
Conclusion
538(5)
Part Five: Social Change in the Modern World
543
The Sociology of the Body: Health and Illness and Sexuality
545(34)
The Sociology of Health and Illness
547(15)
Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness
550(2)
Changing Conceptions of Health and Illness
552(1)
Alternative Medicine
553(1)
The Social Basis of Health
554(4)
Social Cohesion: The Key to Better Health?
558(1)
The Developing World: Colonialism and the Spread of Disease
559(1)
Infectious Diseases Today in the Developing World
559(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
559(3)
Human Sexuality
562(17)
Social Influences on Sexual Behavior
562(1)
Sexuality in Western Culture
563(1)
Sexual Behavior: Kinsey's Study
563(1)
Sexual Behavior Since Kinsey
563(2)
Sexual Behavior in the United States: The Sociological Debate
565(3)
Sexual Orientation
568(4)
Sexuality and Procreative Technology
572(7)
Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
579(38)
Living in Cities
580(2)
Cities in Traditional Societies
580(1)
Industrialization and Urbanization
581(1)
Theories of Ursanism
582(4)
The Chicago School
582(2)
Urbanism and the Created Environment
584(2)
Urbanism in the United States
586(5)
Suburbanization
586(1)
Urban Problems
587(1)
Explaining Urban Poverty: The Sociological Debate
588(2)
Urban Renewal and Gentrification
590(1)
Cities and Globalization
591(4)
Global Cities
594(1)
Inequality and the Global City
594(1)
Urbanization in the Developing World
595(3)
Challenges of Urbanization in the Developing World
596(2)
The Future of Urbanization in the Developing World
598(1)
World Population Growth
598(11)
Population Analysis: Demography
599(1)
Basic Demographic Concepts
599(3)
Dynamics of Population Change
602(1)
Malthusianism
602(1)
The Demographic Transition
603(1)
Prospects for Change
603(6)
Population Growth and the Environment
609(8)
Global Environmental Threats
609(1)
Sustainable Development
610(1)
Consumption, Poverty, and the Environment
611(1)
The Environment: A Sociological Issue?
612(1)
Prospects for Change
612(5)
Globalization in a Changing World
617
Defining Change
618(1)
Influences on Social Change
618(1)
The Physical Environment
618(1)
Political Organization
619(1)
Cultural Factors
619(1)
Change in the Modern Period
619(3)
Economic Influences
620(1)
Political Influences
620(1)
Cultural Influences
620(1)
Current Change and Future Prospects
620(2)
Globalization
622
Factors Contributing to Globalization
623(1)
The Causes of Increasing Globalization
623(4)
The Globalization Debate
627(3)
The Impact of Globalization on Our Lives
630(4)
Globalization and Risk
634(6)
Globalization and Inequality
640(4)
Conclusion: The Need for Global Governance
644
Appendix: How to Use Libraries1(2)
Glossary3(14)
Bibliography17(30)
Credits47(2)
Index49

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