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Introduction to FACTS Controllers : Theory, Modeling, and Applications

ISBN: 9780470478752 | 0470478756
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
Pub. Date: 9/28/2009

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
Demystifies FACTS controllers, offering solutions to power control and power flow problemsFlexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) controllers represent one of the most important technological advances in recent years, both enhancing controllability and increasing power transfer capacity of electric power transmission networks. This timely publication serves as an applications manual, offering readers clear instructions on how to model, design, build, evaluate, and install FACTS controllers. Authors Kalyan Sen and Mey Ling Sen ... MORE
Forewordp. xiii
Prefacep. xv
Acknowledgmentsp. xvii
Nomenclaturep. xix
Applications of Facts Controllersp. 1
Power Flow Control Conceptsp. 13
Theoryp. 13
Series-Connected Compensating Voltagep. 19
Power at the Sending Endp. 20
Power at the Receiving Endp. 24
Power at the Mod... MOREp. 29
Exchanged Power by the Series-Connected Compensating Voltagep. 35
Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltagep. 43
Power at the Modified Sending Endp. 43
Power at the Receiving Endp. 45
Comparison between Series-Connected and Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltagesp. 46
Implementation of Power Flow Control Conceptsp. 48
Voltage Regulationp. 48
Direct Methodp. 48
Indirect Methodp. 50
Phase Angle Regulationp. 54
Series Reactance Regulationp. 56
Direct Methodp. 56
Indirect Methodp. 56
Independent Control of Active and Reactive Power Flowsp. 58
Unified Power Flow Controllerp. 60
Sen Transformerp. 62
Interline Power Flow Conceptp. 65
Back-To-Back SSSCp. 66
Multiline Sen Transformerp. 68
Back-to-Back Statcomp. 74
Generalized Power Flow Controllerp. 76
Modeling Principlesp. 79
The Modeling in EMTPp. 79
Network Modelp. 81
Vector Phase-Locked Loop (VPLL)p. 87
Transmission Line Steady-State Resistance Calculatorp. 88
Simulation of an Independent PFC in a Single Line Applicationp. 89
Transformer-Based Facts Controllersp. 95
Voltage Regulating Transformer (VRT)p. 95
Autotransformerp. 97
Two-Winding Transformerp. 101
Phase Angle Regulator (PAR)p. 102
Mechanically Switched Facts Controllersp. 107
Shunt Compensationp. 107
Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC)p. 107
Mechanically Switched Recator (MSR)p. 110
Series Compensationp. 113
Mechanically Switched Recator (MSR)p. 113
Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC) with a Reactorp. 115
Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC)p. 117
Modeling an Ideal VSCp. 118
Dc-to-Ac VSCp. 119
Generation of a Square Wave Voltage with a Two-Level Polep. 119
Modeling a Single-Phase VSC and Simulation Resultsp. 122
Six+Pulse VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 123
Modeling a Six-Phase VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 134
12-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 135
Graphical Presentation of the Cancellation Technique of the Fifth and the Seventh Harmonic Componentsp. 146
Modeling a 12-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 149
24-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 150
Modeling a 24-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 160
24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 162
Modeling of a 48-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 169
48-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 170
Modeling of a 48-Pulse QHN-VSC with Three-Level Polesp. 180
Generation of a Quasisquare Wave Voltage with a Three-Level Polep. 182
Six-Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Polesp. 185
12-Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Polesp. 194
Modeling a 12-Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Polesp. 196
24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Three-Level Polesp. 196
Modeling a 24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Three-Level Polesp. 199
Alternate Configuration for a QHN-VSCp. 200
Interphase Transformer (IPT)p. 201
24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Iptsp. 202
Modeling 24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Poles and Iptsp. 205
Realizable Pole Circuitsp. 205
Considerations for a HN-VSCp. 207
Dc-to-Ac VSC Operated with PWM Techniquep. 209
Discussionp. 211
Two-Level Pole Designp. 213
A Three-Phase, Six-Pulse VSC with Two-Level Polesp. 214
Analysis of a Polep. 217
Device Characteristicsp. 218
Mathematical Modelp. 220
Analysis of the Modelp. 222
Mode 1 of operationp. 223
Mode 2 of operationp. 230
Resultsp. 242
VSC-Based Facts Controllersp. 245
Shunt Compensionp. 251
Shunt Reactive Current Injectionp. 251
Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage Soure Behind an Impedancep. 252
Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage Behind a Coupling Transformerp. 254
Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom)p. 254
Control of Statcomp. 255
Modeling of Statcom in EMTP and Simulation Resultsp. 258
Series Compensationp. 261
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)p. 271
Control of SSSCp. 271
Modeling of SSSC in EMTP and Simulation Resultsp. 273
Stable Reversal of Power Flowp. 276
Reactance Control Methodp. 277
Voltage Control Methodp. 283
Shunt-Series Compensation Using a Unified Power Flowp. 290
Control of UPFCp. 293
Modeling of UPFC in EMTP and Simulation Resultsp. 294
Test Resultsp. 296
Protection of UPFCp. 302
Sen Transformerp. 307
Existing Solutionsp. 309
Voltage Regulationp. 309
Phase Angle Regulationp. 311
Desired Solutionp. 312
ST as a New Voltage Regulatorp. 316
ST as an Independent PFCp. 319
Control of STp. 321
Impedance Emulationp. 323
Resistance Emulationp. 324
Reactance Emulationp. 324
Closed Loop Power Flow Controlp. 325
Open Loop Power Flow Controlp. 325
Simulation Resultsp. 327
Limited Angle Operation of STp. 329
ST Using LTCS with Lower Current Ratingp. 336
ST Using LTCS with Lower Voltage and Current Ratingp. 343
Comparison Among the VRT, PAR, UPFC, and STp. 344
Power Flow Enhancementp. 344
Speed of Operationp. 346
Lossesp. 348
Switch Ratingp. 348
Magnetic Circuit Designp. 348
Optimization of Transformer Ratingp. 349
Hamonic Injection into the Power System Networkp. 351
Operation During Line Faultsp. 351
Multiline Sen Transformerp. 352
Basic Differences between the MST and BTB-SSSCp. 356
Flexible Operation of the STp. 347
ST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltagesp. 358
Limited Angle Operation of the ST with Shunt-Connectedp. 362
MST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltagesp. 369
Generalized Sen Transformerp. 371
Summaryp. 372
Appendix A. Miscellaneousp. 373
Three-Phase Blanced Voltage, Current, and Powep. 373
Symmetrical Componentsp. 377
Separation of Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Components in a Multiple Frequency Composite Variablep. 383
Three-Phase Unbalanced Voltage, Current, and Powerp. 387
d-q Transformationp. 392
Conversion of a Variable Containing Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Components into d-q Framep. 396
Calculation of Instantaneous Power into d-q Framep. 399
Calculation of Instantaneous Power into d-q Frame for a 3-Phase, 3-wire Systemp. 400
Fourier Analysisp. 405
Adams-Bashforth Numerical Integration Formulap. 410
Appendix B. Power Flow Control Equations in a Lossyp. 413
Power Flow Equations at the Sending End of an Uncompensated Transmission Linep. 415
Power Flow Equations at the Receiving End of an Uncompensated Transmission Linep. 418
Verification of Power Flow Equations at the Sending and Receiving Ends of an Uncompensated Transmission Linep. 421
Natural Power Flow Equations in an Uncompensated Transmission Linep. 422
Most Important Power Flow Control Parametersp. 427
Modifying Transmission Line Voltage with a Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltagep. 431
Modifying Transmission Line Voltage with a Series-Connected Compensating Voltagep. 431
Power Flow at the Sending Endp. 435
Power Flow at the Receiving Endp. 438
Power Flow at the Modified Sending Endp. 441
Exchanged Power by the Compensating Voltagep. 445
Appendix C. EMTP Filesp. 451
Bibliographyp. 505
Booksp. 505
Generalp. 505
Statcomp. 510
SSSCp. 512
UPFCp. 513
IPFCp. 516
Indexp. 517
About the Authors
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.
Kalyan K. Sen, Phd, Pe, was a key member of the Facts development team at Westinghouse Science Technology Center, where he developed some of the basic concepts of Facts technology, With more than twenty years of experience in academia and industy, he has twenty-five patents and publications in the areas of Facts and power electronics. He served as the technical program chair of the 2008 Power Energy Society General Meeting. He has been serving as an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer since 2002. Mey Ling Sen, Mee, was a consultant engineer the Westinghouse Electro-Mechanical Division Technology, Center. Currently, she is the Present of Sen Engineering Solutions. Ms. Sen is the co-inventor of the Sen Transformer, which is the most efficient, reliable, and cost-effective Facts controller.


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