YOSHIHIKO AKAIWA is a leading researcher in the digital mobile communication field. Currently he works as consultant for NEC corporation regarding communications technologies. He worked as a researcher for over 20 years at the NEC Corporation and was a professor at Kyushu University, Japan.

Preface to the Second Edition xiii

Preface to the First Edition xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Digital Mobile Radio Communication System 1

1.2 The Purpose of Digitization of Mobile Radio Communications 5

1.2.1 Data Communication 5

1.2.2 Voice Scrambling 6

1.2.3 Spectrum Efficiency 6

1.2.4 System Cost 7

2 Signal and Systems 9

2.1 Signal Analysis 9

2.1.1 Delta Function 9

2.1.2 Fourier Analysis 15

2.1.3 Signals 26

2.1.4 Digital Signals 31

2.1.5 Modulated Signals 34

2.1.6 The Equivalent Base‐Band Complex Expression 36

2.2 Noise Analysis 37

2.2.1 Noise in Communication System 37

2.2.2 Statistics of Noise 39

2.2.3 Power Spectral Density of Noise 42

2.2.4 Autocorrelation Function of Filtered Noise 43

2.2.5 Bandpass Noise 44

2.2.6 Envelope and Phase of a Sinusoidal Signal in Bandpass Noise 48

2.2.7 Generation of Correlated Noises and its Probability Density Function 49

2.2.8 Sums of Random Variables and the Central Limit Theorem 51

2.3 Linear System 55

2.3.1 Linear Time‐Invariant System 55

2.3.2 Response of Linear System 55

2.3.3 System Description with Differential Equations 63

2.3.4 Examples of Linear Systems 66

2.4 Discrete‐time System 75

2.4.1 Sampling and the Sampling Theorem 75

2.4.2 The Energy, Power, and Correlation of Discrete-Time Signals 78

2.4.3 The Fourier Transform of Discrete‐Time Signals 79

2.4.4 Response of Discrete‐Time System 85

2.4.5 Description with Difference Equation 92

2.4.6 Digital Filter 94

2.4.7 Downsampling, Upsampling, and Subsampling 98

2.4.8 Inverse Circuit 101

2.4.9 Window Function 101

2.4.10 Discrete Fourier Transform 102

2.4.11 The Fast Fourier Transform 106

2.5 Optimization and Adaptive Signal Processing 108

2.5.1 Solution of Optimization Problem 108

2.5.2 Adaptive Signal Processing 112

Appendix 2.A lim_Ω→∞ (sinΩt/πt) = δ (t) 124

Appendix 2.B Conditions for a Test Function for the Delta Function, lim_T , _Ω→∞ ⌠^T_Ɛ g(t) (sinΩtdt)=0 125

Appendix 2.C Formulae for the Trigonometric Functions 126

References 126

3 The Elements of Digital Communication System 127

3.1 Pulse Shaping 127

3.1.1 Nyquist’s First Criterion 128

3.1.2 Nyquist’s Second Criterion 132

3.1.3 Nyquist’s Third Criterion 134

3.1.4 Other Pulse‐Shaping Methods 135

3.2 Line Coding 137

3.2.1 Unipolar (On–Off) Code and Polar Codes 137

3.2.2 Multilevel Codes 137

3.2.3 The Gray Codes 138

3.2.4 Manchester (Split‐Phase) Code 139

3.2.5 Synchronized Frequency Shift Keying Code 141

3.2.6 Correlative Coding 141

3.2.7 Differential Encoding 148

3.3 Signal Detection 149

3.3.1 C/N, S/N, and E_b/N₀ 149

3.3.2 Bit Error Rate 150

3.3.3 NRZ Signaling with Integrate‐and‐Dump Filter Detection 156

3.3.4 Nyquist‐I Signaling System 157

3.3.5 The Matched Filter 157

3.3.6 Joint Optimization of the Transmit and the Receive Filters 162

3.3.7 The Optimum Receiver 164

3.3.8 The Maximum‐Likelihood Receiver and the Viterbi Algorithm 170

3.3.9 The Optimum Receiver for Signals without Intersymbol Interference 174

3.4 Synchronization 175

3.4.1 Symbol Timing Recovery 175

3.4.2 Frame Synchronization 176

3.5 Scrambling 177

3.6 Public Key Cryptosystem 180

3.7 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 182

3.8 The Channel Capacity 183

Appendix 3.A Fermat’s Theorem and the Chinese Remainder Theorem 185

References 187

4 Mobile Radio Channels 189

4.1 Path Loss 190

4.2 Shadowing 193

4.3 Fast Fading 193

4.3.1 RF Power Spectrum Spread due to Fast Fading 195

4.3.2 Correlations Between the In‐phase and Quadrature Components 196

4.3.3 Correlation of the Envelope 197

4.3.4 Spatial Correlation of the Envelope 198

4.3.5 Random Frequency Modulation 198

4.4 Delay Spread and Frequency‐Selective Fading 200

4.4.1 Coherence Bandwidth 202

4.4.2 Frequency‐Selective Fading 203

4.5 The Near–Far Problem 204

4.6 Cochannel Interference 205

4.6.1 Rayleigh Fading 206

4.6.2 Shadowing 206

4.6.3 Combined Fading and Shadowing 207

4.6.4 Discussion 207

4.7 Receive Power Distribution and Radio Channel Design 207

4.7.1 Receive Power Distribution 209

4.7.2 Channel Link Design 210

Appendix 4.A Propagation Loss Formula 214

Appendix 4.B Interference Probability under Shadowing 216

Appendix 4.C Interference Probability under Combined Fading and Shadowing 217

References 217

5 Elements of Digital Modulation 219

5.1 Digitally Modulated Signals 219

5.2 Linear Modulation Versus Constant Envelope Modulation 220

5.3 Digital Modulations 221

5.3.1 Phase Shift Keying 221

5.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying 226

5.3.3 Constant Envelope PSK 228

5.3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 229

5.4 Power Spectral Density of Digitally Modulated Signals 229

5.4.1 Linear Modulation 231

5.4.2 Digital FM 231

5.5 Demodulation 233

5.5.1 Coherent Detection 233

5.5.2 Envelope Detection 245

5.5.3 Differential Detection 246

5.5.4 Frequency Discriminator Detection 250

5.5.5 Error Rates in Fading Channels 264

5.6 Computer Simulation of Transmission Systems 270

Appendix 5.A Distortion of Modulated Signal Applied to a Nonlinear Circuit 275

Appendix 5.B Derivation of the Expected Gaussian Noise Power for Frequency Discriminator 276

Appendix 5.C M–Sequence Generator 277

References 278

6 Digital Modulation/Demodulation for Mobile Radio Communication 281

6.1 Digital Modulation for Analog FM Mobile Radio Systems 282

6.2 Constant Envelope Modulation 282

6.2.1 MSK 283

6.2.2 Partial‐Response Digital FM 294

6.2.3 Nyquist‐Filtered Digital FM 306

6.2.4 Performance Comparison 310

6.3 Linear Modulation 313

6.3.1 π/4‐Shifted QPSK 315

6.3.2 Eight‐Level PSK 320

6.3.3 16QAM 322

6.4 Spread‐Spectrum System 322

6.5 Multicarrier Transmission 329

6.5.1 Orthogonal Frequency‐Division Multiplexing 329

6.5.2 Generation of Multicarrier Digital Signal 337

6.5.3 Demodulation of Multicarrier Signals 341

6.6 Single‐Carrier Frequency‐Division Modulation 343

Appendix 6.A Mathematical Principles of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 346

6.A.1 Band‐Limited System 347

6.A.2 Nonband‐Limited System 348

References 349

7 Other Topics in Digital Mobile Radio Transmission 355

7.1 Diversity Transmission System 355

7.1.1 Probability Density Function of SNR for Diversity System 357

7.1.2 Average Error Rate for Diversity Systems 360

7.1.3 Multiple Transmitter Diversity System 367

7.1.4 Antenna Selection Diversity System 370

7.2 Multi‐Input Multi‐Output Systems 375

7.2.1 Maximal Ratio Combining Diversity Systems 375

7.2.2 Space–Time Codes 385

7.2.3 SDM in MIMO Systems 386

7.3 Adaptive Automatic Equalizer 401

7.3.1 Linear Equalizer 402

7.3.2 Performance Criteria for Equalization 405

7.3.3 Decision Feedback Equalizer 409

7.3.4 The Viterbi Equalizer 410

7.3.5 Adaptation and Prediction Algorithm 411

7.3.6 Preequalization 411

7.3.7 Frequency‐Domain Equalizer 418

7.3.8 Turbo Equalizer 419

7.3.9 Discussions on Equalization 419

7.3.10 Applications to a Mobile Radio Channel 421

7.4 Error Control Techniques 422

7.4.1 Linear Block Codes 424

7.4.2 Cyclic Codes 426

7.4.3 Convolutional Codes 429

7.4.4 Concatenated Codes 430

7.4.5 Turbo Codes 430

7.4.6 LDPC Code 444

7.4.7 A Phenomenological Expression of the a Priori Probability and Error Rates 449

7.4.8 ARQ 452

7.4.9 Applications to Mobile Radio Channels 453

7.5 Trellis‐Coded Modulation 453

7.6 Adaptive Interference Cancellation 456

7.6.1 Adaptive Array Antenna 457

7.6.2 Adaptive Interference Suppression 466

7.6.3 Discussion 467

7.7 Voice Coding 469

7.7.1 Pulse Code Modulation 470

7.7.2 Delta Modulation 471

7.7.3 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation 472

7.7.4 Adaptive Predictive Coding 473

7.7.5 Multipulse Coding 476

7.7.6 Code‐Excited Linear Predictive (CELP) Coding 477

7.7.7 LPC Vocoder 482

7.7.8 Application to Mobile Radio Communications 482

Appendix 7.A Average Error Rate for Maximal Ratio Combiner with Coherent Detector 484

Appendix 7.B Average Error Rate of Maximal Ratio Combining System with Coherent Detector with Use of Approximate Probability Density Function 485

References 486

8 Equipment and Circuits for Digital Mobile Radio 493

8.1 Base Station 493

8.2 Mobile Station 494

8.3 Superheterodyne and Direct Conversion Receivers 495

8.3.1 Image Rejection Downconverter 497

8.4 Transmit and Receive Duplexing 501

8.5 Frequency Synthesizer 501

8.6 Transmitter Circuits 503

8.6.1 Digital Signal Waveform Generator 503

8.6.2 Modulator 504

8.6.3 Linear Power Amplifier 507

8.6.4 Transmit Power Control 525

8.7 Receiver Circuits 527

8.7.1 AGC Circuit 527

8.7.2 Signal Processing with Logic Circuits 529

8.7.3 Demodulator 532

8.8 Countermeasures Against dc Blocking and dc Offset 535

Appendix 8.A Quarter‐wavelength Line 538

References 539

9 Digital Mobile Radio Communication Systems 543

9.1 Fundamental Concepts 543

9.1.1 The Cellular Concept 543

9.1.2 Multiple Access 551

9.1.3 Channel Assignment 554

9.1.4 Multiple‐Access System 563

9.1.5 Intercell Interference Suppression 566

9.1.6 Repeater System 566

9.1.7 A Performance Analysis of Digital Cellular System 567

9.2 Digital Transmission in Analog Mobile Communication Systems 577

9.3 Paging Systems 578

9.4 Two‐Way Digital Mobile Radio 579

9.5 Mobile Data Service Systems 580

9.5.1 MOBITEX 580

9.5.2 Teleterminal System 580

9.5.3 Mobile Data Systems in Analog Cellular Systems 580

9.6 Digital Cordless Telephone 581

9.6.1 Second‐Generation Cordless Telephone 581

9.6.2 Digital European Cordless Telecommunications 582

9.6.3 Personal Handy System 582

9.7 Digital Mobile Telephone Systems 583

9.7.1 The GSM System 584

9.7.2 Digital Cellular Systems in North America 587

9.7.3 Digital Cellular Systems in Japan 591

9.7.4 Evolution of the Second‐Generation Systems 592

9.7.5 The Third‐Generation System 592

9.7.6 Evolution of 3G Systems 595

9.7.7 WiMAX 599

9.7.8 The Fourth-Generation System 600

9.8 Wireless Local Area Network 600

9.8.1 IEEE 802.11 Series 600

9.8.2 Bluetooth 605

9.8.3 UWB 605

9.8.4 ZigBee 606

9.8.5 BWN 606

9.8.6 MBWA 608

Appendix 9.A Poisson Arrival Rates 608

References 609

Index 613

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